{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "d84d4d66",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"# HR (Hertzsprung-Russell) Diagram Solution\n",
"\n",
"The [Hertzsprung-Russell diagram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzsprung–Russell_diagram) is a fundamental diagram in astronomy that displays important relationships between the stellar color (or temperature) and absolute brightness (or luminosity).\n",
"\n",
"In this exercise, we will use existing stellar catalogs to produce the H-R diagram."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 1,
"id": "89e57890",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"# As a hint, we include the code block for Python modules that you will likely need to import:\n",
"import matplotlib\n",
"import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
"import numpy as np\n",
"%matplotlib inline\n",
"\n",
"# For downloading files\n",
"from astropy.utils.data import download_file\n",
"from astropy.io import fits\n",
"\n",
"import pyvo as vo\n",
"from pyvo import registry\n",
"\n",
"## There are a number of relatively unimportant warnings that\n",
"## show up, so for now, suppress them:\n",
"import warnings\n",
"warnings.filterwarnings(\"ignore\", module=\"astropy.io.votable.*\")\n",
"warnings.filterwarnings(\"ignore\", module=\"pyvo.utils.xml.*\")"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "38432ca4",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Step 1: Find appropriate catalogs\n",
"\n",
"We want to find a star catalog that has the available data to produce the H-R diagram, i.e., the absolute magnitudes (or both apparent magnitudes AND distances, so we can calculate the absolute magnitudes) in two optical bands (e.g., B and V). This would give us color. Or we need B- OR V- band magnitude and the stellar temperature.\n",
"\n",
"To simplify this problem, we want to find a catalog of an open cluster of stars, where all the stars were born around the same time and are located in one cluster. This simplifies the issue of getting accurate distances to the stars. One famous cluster is the Pleiades in the constellation of Taurus. So first we start by searching for an existing catalog with data on Pleiades that will provide the necessary information about the stars: magnitudes in two bands (e.g., B and V), which can be used to measure color, or temperature of the star plus one magnitude."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "61f9d649",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"### DATA DISCOVERY STEPS\n",
"\n",
"Here is useful link for [how the pyvo registry search works](https://pyvo.readthedocs.io/en/latest/registry/index.html)."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 2,
"id": "1f8297fa",
"metadata": {
"tags": [
"output_scroll"
]
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"145\n"
]
},
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"
Table length=145\n",
"
\n",
"
index
short_name
title
description
interfaces
\n",
"
int64
str16
str55
str4800
str7
\n",
"
0
I/163
US Naval Observatory Pleiades Catalog
This catalog is a special subset of the Eichhorn et al. (1970) Pleiades catalog (see <I/90>) updated to B1950.0 positions and with proper motions added. It was prepared for the purpose of predicting occultations of Pleiades stars by the Moon, but is useful for general applications because it contains many faint stars not present in the current series of large astrometric catalogs.
tap#aux
\n",
"
1
I/258
Pleiades positions and proper motions
Based on a preliminary reference catalogue, combined with the catalogues PPM, ACRS and those in Eichhorn et al (1970, Cat. <I/90>), Jones (1973A&AS....9..313J) and Hertzsprung (1947AnLei..19a...1H), 33 exposures on 11 plates taken with the Zo-Se 40cm refractor (f=6895mm) in 86 years are reduced with the central overlapping technique, and high-precision positions and proper motions of 441 stars in the Pleiades astrometric standard region are obtained. The standard errors of star positions are less than +/-0.05arcsec, and the standard errors of proper motions for 90% stars in our reduction are less than +/-0.001arcsec/yr.
tap#aux
\n",
"
2
I/90
Positions of 502 Stars in Pleiades Region
The catalog contains the positions (equinox B1900.0 and epoch B1955.0) of 502 stars in a region of about 1.5 degrees square in the Pleiades cluster, centered on Eta Tau. These coordinates have been derived from measurements of stellar images obtained with 65 exposures of various durations on 14 photographic plates with two telescopes at McCormick Observatory and Van Vleck Observatory. The plates were reduced by the plate overlap method, which resulted in a high degree of systematic accuracy in the final positions. Data in the machine version include Hertzsprung number, color index, photovisual magnitude, right ascension and declination and their standard errors, proper motion, and differences between the present position and previous works. Data for exposures, plates, and images measured, present in the published catalog, are not included in the machine version.
tap#aux
\n",
"
3
II/131
Tonantzintla Pleiades Flare Stars
The original catalog lists the flare stars discovered by different astronomical observatories over an area slightly larger than 20 square degrees in the Pleiades regions centered on Alcyone. Not all the flare stars are members of this cluster, membership indicators are provided in the catalog. The catalog, combining Tables 1 and 2 of the publication, gives the data for 1531 flares of 519 flare stars.
tap#aux
\n",
"
4
II/43
K-line photometry of Southern A stars
The photoelectric measurements of the strength of the Calcium K-line has been extended by 223 stars of predominantly southern or equatorial declinations which are well distributed in right ascension. This has expanded the existent list to 369 field stars for which a k-index is available, including many more Am stars. All available k-index data for field stars are presented here. Introduction: The present work represents a continuation of that described previously (Henry 1968ApJ...152L..87H, 1969ApJS...18...47H = II/42, [hereinafter referenced as Paper I]), in which the K-line of calcium at 3933{AA} is measured photoelectrically in A-type stars with a narrow-band spectrometer. The result for each star is a K-line strength index, called k, the value of which appears to depend predominantly only on the temperature of the star and the abundance of calcium in its atmosphere. The temperature dependence is well known; the abundance dependence appears as a correlation between the residual dK in K (after allowance for the temperature effect) and the difference from normal of the general metallicity index [m1] of Stromgren. Alternatively, it was shown in Paper I that the calcium abundance is probably the effective factor in producing the scatter in the relation between k and b-y by a process of elimination of other parameters (luminosity, etc.) that were found not to affect appreciably the value of k. The value of k is, however, affected by a third parameter, namely, whether the star is an Am star or not. Many of the stars of Paper I were reobserved in order to tie in the new measurements with the old ones. An emphasis was laid on observing more Am stars, and on observing some stars that are of somewhat earlier spectral types than the earliest ones observed previously. Simultaneously with the field-star measurements described here, extensive data were acquired for the A stars in five open clusters (Hyades, Pleiades, IC 2391, IC 2602, and NGC 6475) and one association (Orion), as described in Paper III (Hesser & Henry 1971ApJS...23..453H). The observations were made with the same instrument that was used to obtain the data for Paper I, and a description of the instrument may be found in that paper.
tap#aux
\n",
"
5
II/44
K-Line photometry of stars in Population I clusters
Photoelectric photometry of the K-line of calcium has been performed for the A stars of five open clusters (Hyades, Pleiades, IC 2391, IC 2602, and NGC 6475) and one association (Orion). All observations were carried out simultaneously with the field stars measurements in Paper II (II/43), with the 16-inch (40cm) and 36-inch (91cm) telescopes of the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, between May 1969 and January 1970.
tap#aux
\n",
"
6
J/A+A/299/696
Pleiades field Membership probabilities
A catalogue of proper motions and photographic B,V magnitudes for stars up to B=19 mag within a region centered near Alcyone is presented. The catalogue is based on MAMA measurements of 8 plates taken with the Tautenburg Schmidt telescope. The survey includes ca. 14500 stars and covers a total field of about 9 square degrees. Membership probabilities, proper motions and B,V magnitudes are listed for 442 stars up to B=19 mag in the Pleiades field.
tap#aux
\n",
"
7
J/A+A/320/74
Radial velocities of Pleiades members
The analysis of CORAVEL radial velocities of 93 stars selected on the basis of their proper motion and Geneva CCD photometric observations for 57 stars have permitted to identify 25 new members in the outer part of the Pleiades. Several spectroscopic binaries have been discovered, but their membership is not clear. Two orbits with short periods have been determined, but both stars are probably non-members. The total number of member stars in the outer part of the Pleiades in the spectral range F5-K0 (0.45<B-V<0.90) is now 81 which is comparable to the number of stars known in Hertzsprung's central area (88 stars) in the same spectral domain. Therefore at least 48% of the F5-K0 main-sequence stars are located in the outer part of the cluster. And the census is probably still incomplete.
tap#aux
\n",
"
8
J/A+A/323/139
K magnitude of Pleiades low-mass binaries
This table provides the list of stars observed but not resolved during the diffraction-limited survey of G and K Pleiades dwarfs. Previously known binaries, either photometric or spectroscopic, are referenced.
tap#aux
\n",
"
...
...
...
...
...
\n",
"
135
2MASS 6XMPSIT
2MASS 6X Merged Point Source Information Table
During the final months of 2MASS observatory operations, a campaign of targeted "long exposure" observations was carried out during times when no previously unscanned parts of the sky were available for the main survey. These observations used the same freeze-frame scanning technique employed for the survey, but with READ2-READ1 exposures six times longer than was used for normal survey observations (hence they are referred to as "6x" observations). The 2MASS 6x measurements were intended to probe ~1 magnitude deeper than the main survey in unconfused regions.\\n\\nApproximately 590 deg2 of sky distributed in 30 targeted regions were scanned at least once using the long exposures. Most of this area is concentrated in two large, comprehensive surveys of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, 383 deg2 and 127 deg2, respectively. Twenty-eight additional smaller fields were mapped in the 6x mode from both observatories, covering targets that include the Pleiades open cluster, galactic star formation complexes, M31, nearby galaxy clusters and the Lockman Hole. \\n\\nThe merged source tables contain the mean positions magnitudes and uncertainties for sources detected multiple times in each of the 2MASS data sets. The merging was carried out using an autocorrelation of the respective databases to identify groups of extractions that are positionally associated with each other, all lying within a 1.5" radius circular region. A number of confirmation statistics are also provided in the tables that can be used to test for source motion and/or variability, and the general quality of the merge.
tap#aux
\n",
"
136
2MASS 6XMXSIT
2MASS 6X Merged Extended Source Information Table
During the final months of 2MASS observatory operations, a campaign of targeted "long exposure" observations was carried out during times when no previously unscanned parts of the sky were available for the main survey. These observations used the same freeze-frame scanning technique employed for the survey, but with READ2-READ1 exposures six times longer than was used for normal survey observations (hence they are referred to as "6x" observations). The 2MASS 6x measurements were intended to probe ~1 magnitude deeper than the main survey in unconfused regions.\\n\\nApproximately 590 deg2 of sky distributed in 30 targeted regions were scanned at least once using the long exposures. Most of this area is concentrated in two large, comprehensive surveys of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, 383 deg2 and 127 deg2, respectively. Twenty-eight additional smaller fields were mapped in the 6x mode from both observatories, covering targets that include the Pleiades open cluster, galactic star formation complexes, M31, nearby galaxy clusters and the Lockman Hole. \\n\\nThe merged source tables contain the mean positions magnitudes and uncertainties for sources detected multiple times in each of the 2MASS data sets. The merging was carried out using an autocorrelation of the respective databases to identify groups of extractions that are positionally associated with each other, all lying within a 1.5" radius circular region. A number of confirmation statistics are also provided in the tables that can be used to test for source motion and/or variability, and the general quality of the merge.
tap#aux
\n",
"
137
2MASS 6XPSWDB
2MASS 6X Point Source Working Database Table
During the final months of 2MASS observatory operations, a campaign of targeted "long exposure" observations was carried out during times when no previously unscanned parts of the sky were available for the main survey. These observations used the same freeze-frame scanning technique employed for the survey, but with READ2-READ1 exposures six times longer than was used for normal survey observations (hence they are referred to as "6x" observations). The 2MASS 6x measurements were intended to probe ~1 magnitude deeper than the main survey in unconfused regions.\\n\\nApproximately 590 deg2 of sky distributed in 30 targeted regions were scanned at least once using the long exposures. Most of this area is concentrated in two large, comprehensive surveys of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, 383 deg2 and 127 deg2, respectively. Twenty-eight additional smaller fields were mapped in the 6x mode from both observatories, covering targets that include the Pleiades open cluster, galactic star formation complexes, M31, nearby galaxy clusters and the Lockman Hole. \\n\\nData processing produced a 6x Image Atlas and 6x point and extended source Working Databases (6x-PSWDB and 6x-XSWDB), analogous to those from the main survey. "Catalogs" of point and extended source detections (6x-PSC and 6x-XSC) that represent uniform, higher reliability single-epoch snapshots of the near infrared sky were drawn from the 6x WDBs using SNR and quality criteria similar to those used to construct the All-Sky Release PSC and XSC (A3.6.c). The 6x-PSC and 6x-XSC have not received the same level of scrutiny and validation as the 2MASS All-Sky PSC and XSC, though.\\n\\nUnlike the All-Sky Release Catalogs, the 6x Catalogs are not released as separate tables. The 6x Point and Extended Source Catalogs are instead integrated into the respective 6x Point and Extended Source WDBs. Sources comprising the Catalogs are denoted in the WDBs with the cat flag, and have cat="1".
tap#aux
\n",
"
138
2MASS 6XScanInfo
2MASS 6X Scan Information Table
During the final months of 2MASS observatory operations, a campaign of targeted "long exposure" observations was carried out during times when no previously unscanned parts of the sky were available for the main survey. These observations used the same freeze-frame scanning technique employed for the survey, but with READ2-READ1 exposures six times longer than was used for normal survey observations (hence they are referred to as "6x" observations). The 2MASS 6x measurements were intended to probe ~1 magnitude deeper than the main survey in unconfused regions.\\n\\nApproximately 590 deg2 of sky distributed in 30 targeted regions were scanned at least once using the long exposures. Most of this area is concentrated in two large, comprehensive surveys of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, 383 deg2 and 127 deg2, respectively. Twenty-eight additional smaller fields were mapped in the 6x mode from both observatories, covering targets that include the Pleiades open cluster, galactic star formation complexes, M31, nearby galaxy clusters and the Lockman Hole. \\n\\nThe 6X Scan Information Table provides basic metadata for each survey mode scan taken during 2MASS 6x observations.
tap#aux
\n",
"
139
2MASS 6XXSWDB
2MASS 6X Extended Source Working Database Table
During the final months of 2MASS observatory operations, a campaign of targeted "long exposure" observations was carried out during times when no previously unscanned parts of the sky were available for the main survey. These observations used the same freeze-frame scanning technique employed for the survey, but with READ2-READ1 exposures six times longer than was used for normal survey observations (hence they are referred to as "6x" observations). The 2MASS 6x measurements were intended to probe ~1 magnitude deeper than the main survey in unconfused regions.\\n\\nApproximately 590 deg2 of sky distributed in 30 targeted regions were scanned at least once using the long exposures. Most of this area is concentrated in two large, comprehensive surveys of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, 383 deg2 and 127 deg2, respectively. Twenty-eight additional smaller fields were mapped in the 6x mode from both observatories, covering targets that include the Pleiades open cluster, galactic star formation complexes, M31, nearby galaxy clusters and the Lockman Hole. \\n\\nData processing produced a 6x Image Atlas and 6x point and extended source Working Databases (6x-PSWDB and 6x-XSWDB), analogous to those from the main survey. "Catalogs" of point and extended source detections (6x-PSC and 6x-XSC) that represent uniform, higher reliability single-epoch snapshots of the near infrared sky were drawn from the 6x WDBs using SNR and quality criteria similar to those used to construct the All-Sky Release PSC and XSC (A3.6.c). The 6x-PSC and 6x-XSC have not received the same level of scrutiny and validation as the 2MASS All-Sky PSC and XSC, though.\\n\\nUnlike the All-Sky Release Catalogs, the 6x Catalogs are not released as separate tables. The 6x Point and Extended Source Catalogs are instead integrated into the respective 6x Point and Extended Source WDBs. Sources comprising the Catalogs are denoted in the WDBs with the cat flag, and have cat="1".
tap#aux
\n",
"
140
NGC2516XMM
NGC 2516 Cluster XMM-Newton X-Ray Point Source Catalog
This table contains the results from a deep X-ray survey of the young (~ 140 Myr), rich open cluster NGC 2516 obtained with the EPIC camera on board the XMM-Newton satellite. By combining the data from six observations, a high sensitivity, greater than a factor of 5 with respect to recent Chandra observations, has been achieved. Kaplan-Meier estimators of the cumulative X-ray luminosity distribution, statistically corrected for non-member contaminants, were built by the authors and compared to those of the nearly coeval Pleiades cluster. 431 X-ray sources were detected, and 234 of them have as optical counterparts cluster stars spanning the entire NGC 2516 main sequence. On the basis of X-ray emission and optical photometry, 20 new candidate members of the cluster have been identified; at the same time there are 49 X-ray sources without known optical or infrared counterpart. The X-ray luminosities of cluster stars span the range log L<sub>x</sub> (erg s<sup>-1</sup>) = 28.4 - 30.8. The representative coronal temperatures span the 0.3 - 0.6 keV (3.5 - 8 MK) range for the cool component and 1.0 - 2.0 keV (12 - 23 MK) for the hot one; similar values were found in other young open clusters like the Pleiades, IC 2391, and Blanco 1. While no significant differences were found in their X-ray spectra, NGC 2516 solar-type stars are definitely less luminous in X-rays than their nearly coeval Pleiades counterparts. The comparison with a previous ROSAT survey reveals the lack of variability amplitudes larger than a factor of 2 in solar-type cluster stars in a ~ 11 yr time scale, and thus activity cycles like in the Sun are probably absent or have a different period and amplitude in young stars. NGC 2516 has been observed several times with XMM-Newton during the first two years of satellite operations for calibration purposes. The observations used in this analysis span a period of 19 months with exposure times between 10 and 20 ks. All of these observations have been performed with the thick filter. In the combined EPIC datasets the authors detected 431 X-ray sources with a significance level greater than 5.0 sigma, which should lead statistically to at most one spurious source in the field of view. This table was created by the HEASARC in May 2007 based on <a href="https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/ftp/cats/J/A+A/450/993">CDS catalog J/A+A/450/993</a> files tablea1.dat and tableb1.dat. This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .
tap#aux
\n",
"
141
NGC2547XMM
NGC 2547 XMM-Newton X-Ray Point Source Catalog
This table contains a list of point sources detected by XMM-Newton EPIC in a pointing towards the young open cluster NGC 2547, made in order to allow the authors to characterize coronal activity in solar-type stars, and stars of lower mass, at an age of 30 Myr. X-ray emission was seen from stars at all spectral types, peaking among G stars at luminosities (0.3 - 3 keV) of L<sub>x</sub> ~= 10<sup>30.5</sup> erg/s and declining to L<sub>x</sub> <= 10<sup>29</sup> erg/s among M stars with masses >=0.2 solar masses. Coronal spectra show evidence for multi-temperature differential emission measures and low coronal metal abundances of Z~= 0.3. Most of the solar-type stars in NGC 2547 exhibit saturated or even supersaturated X-ray activity levels. The median levels of L<sub>x</sub> and L<sub>x</sub>/L<sub>bol</sub> in the solar-type stars of NGC 2547 are very similar to those in T-Tauri stars of the Orion Nebula cluster (ONC), but an order of magnitude higher than in the older Pleiades. The spread in X-ray activity levels among solar-type stars in NGC 2547 is much smaller than in older or younger clusters. This table contains the properties of those X-ray sources which are correlated with optical cluster members (see Section 2.2 of the reference paper for details on the correlation procedure that was adopted), as well as the properties of those X-ray sources which are uncorrelated with any optical cluster members. The table lists the cross-identifications with optical catalogs for the candidate cluster sources along with their X-ray luminosities and X-ray to bolometric flux ratios, as well as the correlations between cluster members which were detected by XMM-Newton and those detected 7 years earlier by the ROSAT HRI instrument, along with the X-ray luminosities and flux ratios as determined by the HRI. This table was created by the HEASARC in February 2007 based on <a href="https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/ftp/cats/J/MNRAS/367/781">CDS Catalog J/MNRAS/367/781</a> files table1.dat, table2.dat, table3.dat and table7.dat. This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .
tap#aux
\n",
"
142
NGC752CXO
NGC 752 Chandra X-Ray Point Source Catalog
This table provides a list of X-ray sources detected in a ~140 ks Chandra X-ray observation of the open cluster NGC 752. For the sources with 2MASS counterparts, the values of their magnitudes in the J, H and K bands are also given. Very little is known about the evolution of stellar activity between the ages of the Hyades (0.8 Gyr) and the Sun (4.6 Gyr). To gain information on the typical level of coronal activity at a star's intermediate age, the authors have studied the X-ray emission from stars in the 1.9 Gyr-old open cluster NGC 752. They analyzed a ~ 140 ks Chandra observation of NGC 752 and a ~50 ks XMM-Newton observation of the same cluster. They detected 262 X-ray sources in the Chandra data and 145 sources in the XMM-Newton observation. Around 90% of the catalogued cluster members within Chandra's field of view are detected in the X-ray observation. The X-ray luminosity of all observed cluster members (28 stars) and of 11 cluster member candidates was derived. These data indicate that, at an age of 1.9 Gyr, the typical X-ray luminosity L<sub>x</sub> of the cluster members with masses of 0.8 to 1.2 solar masses is 1.3 x 10<sup>28</sup> erg s<sup>-1</sup>, which is approximately a factor of 6 times less intense than that observed in the younger Hyades. Given that L<sub>x</sub> is proportional to the square of a star's rotational rate, the median L<sub>x</sub> of NGC 752 is consistent, for t >= 1 Gyr, with a decaying rate in rotational velocities v<sub>rot</sub> ~ t<sup>-alpha</sup> with alpha ~ 0.75, steeper than the Skumanich relation (alpha ~ 0.5) and significantly steeper than that observed between the Pleiades and the Hyades (where alpha <0.3), suggesting that a change in the rotational regimes of the stellar interiors is taking place at an age of ~ 1 Gyr. The 135 ks observation of NGC 752 was performed by the Chandra ACIS camera on September 29, 2003 starting at 21:11:59 UT. The X-ray source detection was performed on the event list using the Wavelet Transform detection algorithm developed at Palermo Astronomical Observatory PWDETECT, available at <a href="http://oapa.astropa.unipa.it/progetti_ricerca/PWDetect">http://oapa.astropa.unipa.it/progetti_ricerca/PWDetect</a>. Initially, the energy range 0.2 - 10 keV was selected and the threshold for source detection was taken as to ensure a maximum of 1-2 spurious sources per field. 169 sources were detected in this way. The analysis of these sources hardness ratios showed, however, that all the catalogued stars in the field had low hardness ratios, HR < ~ 0.2, where HR is the number of photons in the 2 - 8 keV band over the number in the 0.5 - 2 keV band. Thus, to maximize the detection of stellar sources, PWDETECT was applied to the event list in the energy range from 0.5 - 2 keV. Using a detection threshold which ensures less than 1 spurious source per field leads to the detection of 188 sources, while lowering this threshold to 10 spurious sources per field, allows 262 sources to be identified in this energy range. This is a significant increase (well above the number expected if all the additional sources were spurious), thus the authors retained this list of 262 sources as their final list of sources in the NGC 752 field, with the caveat that ~ 10 sources among them are likely spurious. Note that the existence of ~ 10 spurious sources in the list is not so much of a problem in this context, because cluster members or candidate members are identified by the existence of a visible or near-IR counterpart. The authors searched for 2MASS counterparts to the X-ray sources using the 2MASS Point Source Catalogue (PSC) and a search radius of 3 arcsec and found a counterpart for 43 sources. Searching within the Point Source Reject Table of the 2MASS Extended Mission leads to the further identification of 1 counterpart (source number 87). This table was created by the HEASARC in October 2008 based on the electronic version of Table 6 from the reference paper which was obtained from the CDS website, i.e., their catalog J/A+A/490/113 file table6.dat. This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .
tap#aux
\n",
"
143
NGC752XMM
NGC 752 XMM-Newton X-Ray Point Source Catalog
This table provides a list of X-ray sources detected in a ~50 ks XMM-Newton X-ray observation of the open cluster NGC 752. For the sources with 2MASS counterparts, the values of their magnitudes in the J, H and K bands are also given. Additionally, for the sources with a Chandra counterpart (within a search radius of 5 arcsec), the values of their Chandra source number (as given in the related Browse table NGC752CXO) are also given. Very little is known about the evolution of stellar activity between the ages of the Hyades (0.8 Gyr) and the Sun (4.6 Gyr). To gain information on the typical level of coronal activity at a star's intermediate age, the authors have studied the X-ray emission from stars in the 1.9 Gyr-old open cluster NGC 752. They analyzed a ~ 140 ks Chandra observation of NGC 752 and a ~50 ks XMM-Newton observation of the same cluster. They detected 262 X-ray sources in the Chandra data and 145 sources in the XMM-Newton observation. Around 90% of the catalogued cluster members within Chandra's field of view are detected in the X-ray observation. The X-ray luminosity of all observed cluster members (28 stars) and of 11 cluster member candidates was derived. These data indicate that, at an age of 1.9 Gyr, the typical X-ray luminosity L<sub>x</sub> of the cluster members with masses of 0.8 to 1.2 solar masses is 1.3 x 10<sup>28</sup> erg s<sup>-1</sup>, which is approximately a factor of 6 times less intense than that observed in the younger Hyades. Given that L<sub>x</sub> is proportional to the square of a star's rotational rate, the median L<sub>x</sub> of NGC 752 is consistent, for t >= 1 Gyr, with a decaying rate in rotational velocities v<sub>rot</sub> ~ t<sup>-alpha</sup> with alpha ~ 0.75, steeper than the Skumanich relation (alpha ~ 0.5) and significantly steeper than that observed between the Pleiades and the Hyades (where alpha <0.3), suggesting that a change in the rotational regimes of the stellar interiors is taking place at an age of ~ 1 Gyr. NGC 752 was observed for 49 ks by the XMM-Newton EPIC camera on February 5, 2003 starting at 23:29:25 UT, and the nominal pointing was towards J2000.0 RA and Declination of (01:57:38, +37:47:60), thus the XMM-Newton field-of-view (FOV) includes the Chandra FOV. For the source detection, the authors used the PWXDETECT code developed at Palermo Observatory and derived from the analogous Chandra PWDETECT code based on wavelet transform analysis. This allows the three EPIC exposures (PN, MOS1 and MOS2) to be combined in order to gain a deeper sensitivity with respect to the source detection based on single images. There were 145 point sources detected in the energy band 0.5 - 2.0 keV. An extended source (not listed in this present table), very likely a galaxy cluster, is also visible in the EPIC data. The authors searched for 2MASS counterparts to the XMM-Newton sources using a search radius of 5 arcsec and found a counterpart for 38 sources. As for the Chandra data, all sources with a visible counterpart from DLM94 have also a 2MASS counterpart, so this leaves 15 XMM-Newton sources with a 2MASS counterpart and no counterpart in Daniel et al. (1994, PASP, 106, 281); of these, 3 were also detected by Chandra; of the other 12, 10 are outside the Chandra FOV, while two are within it (XMM-Newton sources 58 and 65). Source 65 was caught by XMM-Newton during the decay phase of a flare, which explains why it is not detected in the Chandra data. For source 58 there is no immediate explanation for this, since the light curve does not show evidence of a flare. No additional near-IR counterpart to the XMM-Newton sources was found within the Point Source Reject Table of the 2MASS Extended Mission. This table was created by the HEASARC in October 2008 based on the electronic version of Table 7 from the reference paper which was obtained from the CDS website, i.e., their catalog J/A+A/490/113 file table7.dat. This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .
tap#aux
\n",
"
144
PSPC/Pleiades
ROSAT PSPC Catalog of the Pleiades (Micela et al. 1996)
This catalog contains the results of a deep X-ray survey of the core region of the Pleiades open cluster carried out with ROSAT. In a single PSPC field (~1 degree in radius), 99 of 214 Pleiades stars are detected in X-rays, and upper limits are computed for the remainder. This catalog lists the characteristics of these stars taken from the literature, including their rotational data, as well as their X-ray characteristics. The nucleus of the composite catalog used in this study is the catalog compiled from the published literature for the Einstein investigations of the Pleiades (Micela et al. 1990, ApJ, 348, 557). This list has been extended by the results of recent surveys to a completeness limit of visual magnitude of about 18. This database was created at the HEASARC in April 2002 based on the ADC/<a href="https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/ftp/cats/J/ApJS/102/75">CDS Catalog J/ApJS/102/75</a> and is derived from Tables 1 and 5 of the published paper. This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .
tap#aux
\n",
"
"
],
"text/plain": [
"
\n",
"index short_name ... interfaces\n",
"int64 str16 ... str7 \n",
"----- ---------------- ... ----------\n",
" 0 I/163 ... tap#aux\n",
" 1 I/258 ... tap#aux\n",
" 2 I/90 ... tap#aux\n",
" 3 II/131 ... tap#aux\n",
" 4 II/43 ... tap#aux\n",
" 5 II/44 ... tap#aux\n",
" 6 J/A+A/299/696 ... tap#aux\n",
" 7 J/A+A/320/74 ... tap#aux\n",
" 8 J/A+A/323/139 ... tap#aux\n",
" ... ... ... ...\n",
" 135 2MASS 6XMPSIT ... tap#aux\n",
" 136 2MASS 6XMXSIT ... tap#aux\n",
" 137 2MASS 6XPSWDB ... tap#aux\n",
" 138 2MASS 6XScanInfo ... tap#aux\n",
" 139 2MASS 6XXSWDB ... tap#aux\n",
" 140 NGC2516XMM ... tap#aux\n",
" 141 NGC2547XMM ... tap#aux\n",
" 142 NGC752CXO ... tap#aux\n",
" 143 NGC752XMM ... tap#aux\n",
" 144 PSPC/Pleiades ... tap#aux"
]
},
"execution_count": 2,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"tap_services = registry.search(servicetype = 'tap', keywords=['star pleiades'], includeaux=True)\n",
"print(len(tap_services))\n",
"tap_services.get_summary()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "4af555f7",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Note: The includeaux=True includes auxiliary services.\n",
"\n",
"Because we specified the service type, this returns only the TAP services for each of the avalible resorces matching our search criteria. So, the 'interfaces' column will only show TAP service as an avalible service, even if other services are avalible from the same resource. We know we need the service to be a TAP service since we know that we want to eventually access the search using additional column information (i.e., beyond RA and Dec, which is all that Simple Cone Search returns)."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "e5516c09",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"#### Next, we need to find which of these has the columns of interest, i.e. magnitudes in two bands to create the color-magnitude diagram\n",
"\n",
"We can re-run the registry search, but further restrict the results by column UCD. We want tables that have magnitude columns; the most basic UCD to describe a magnitude column is phot.mag"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 3,
"id": "874e98bd",
"metadata": {
"tags": [
"output_scroll"
]
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"95\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"tap_services = registry.search(servicetype='tap', keywords=['star pleiades'],\n",
" ucd = ['phot.mag%'], includeaux=True)\n",
"print(len(tap_services))"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "aa4196de",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Note: the '%' serves as a wild card when searching by UCD\n",
"\n",
"The IOVA standard enables resources to be as sepecific as they would like when defining the UCD of columns. For example, 'phot.mag' and 'phot.mag;em.opt.V' can both be used to describe a column containing the V magnitudes of objects. If a resource uses the latter to describe a column, a search using 'phot.mag' will not return that resource. A wild card would need to be used or the exact column UCD. The UCD search requires an exact match for a resource to be returned, so using the wild card will make it easier to discover a wider variety of resources."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "c252641d",
"metadata": {
"tags": [
"output_scroll"
]
},
"source": [
"So using this we can reduce the matched tables to ones that are a bit more catered to our experiment. Note, that there can be redundancy in some resources since these are available via multiple services and/or publishers. Therefore a bit more cleaning can be done to provide only the unique matches."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 4,
"id": "1e8e68bc",
"metadata": {
"tags": [
"output_scroll"
]
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<MaskedColumn name='ivoid' dtype='object' description='Unambiguous reference to the resource conforming to the IVOA standard for identifiers.' length=95>\n",
"
"
],
"text/plain": [
"\n",
" ivo://cds.vizier/i/163\n",
" ivo://cds.vizier/i/90\n",
" ivo://cds.vizier/ii/131\n",
" ivo://cds.vizier/ii/43\n",
" ivo://cds.vizier/ii/44\n",
" ivo://cds.vizier/j/a+a/299/696\n",
" ivo://cds.vizier/j/a+a/320/74\n",
" ivo://cds.vizier/j/a+a/323/139\n",
" ivo://cds.vizier/j/a+a/329/101\n",
" ivo://cds.vizier/j/a+a/332/575\n",
" ivo://cds.vizier/j/a+a/333/897\n",
" ivo://cds.vizier/j/a+a/341/751\n",
" ...\n",
" ivo://cds.vizier/j/mnras/492/1008\n",
"ivo://cds.vizier/j/other/rmxaa/53.439\n",
"ivo://cds.vizier/j/other/rmxaa/56.139\n",
" ivo://cds.vizier/j/pasj/68/92\n",
" ivo://cds.vizier/v/140\n",
" ivo://cds.vizier/v/80\n",
" ivo://nasa.heasarc/ngc2516xmm\n",
" ivo://nasa.heasarc/ngc2547xmm\n",
" ivo://nasa.heasarc/ngc752cxo\n",
" ivo://nasa.heasarc/ngc752xmm\n",
" ivo://nasa.heasarc/pleiadxray"
]
},
"execution_count": 7,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"tap_services.to_table()[uniq_ind]['ivoid']"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "2ab5372c",
"metadata": {
"tags": [
"output_scroll"
]
},
"source": [
"This shows that in this case, all of our TAP results are unique."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "23685368",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"We can read more information about the results we found. For each resource element (i.e. row in the table above), there are useful attributes, which are [described here]( https://pyvo.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/pyvo.registry.regtap.RegistryResource.html#pyvo.registry.regtap.RegistryResource)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 8,
"id": "04e01ed5",
"metadata": {
"tags": [
"output_scroll"
]
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Van Flandern T.C.']\n",
"This catalog is a special subset of the Eichhorn et al. (1970) Pleiades catalog (see ) updated to B1950.0 positions and with proper motions added. It was prepared for the purpose of predicting occultations of Pleiades stars by the Moon, but is useful for general applications because it contains many faint stars not present in the current series of large astrometric catalogs.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Eichhorn H.', ' Googe W.D.', ' Lukac C.F.', ' Murphy J.K.']\n",
"The catalog contains the positions (equinox B1900.0 and epoch B1955.0) of 502 stars in a region of about 1.5 degrees square in the Pleiades cluster, centered on Eta Tau. These coordinates have been derived from measurements of stellar images obtained with 65 exposures of various durations on 14 photographic plates with two telescopes at McCormick Observatory and Van Vleck Observatory. The plates were reduced by the plate overlap method, which resulted in a high degree of systematic accuracy in the final positions. Data in the machine version include Hertzsprung number, color index, photovisual magnitude, right ascension and declination and their standard errors, proper motion, and differences between the present position and previous works. Data for exposures, plates, and images measured, present in the published catalog, are not included in the machine version.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Haro G.', ' Chavira E.', ' Gonzalez G.']\n",
"The original catalog lists the flare stars discovered by different astronomical observatories over an area slightly larger than 20 square degrees in the Pleiades regions centered on Alcyone. Not all the flare stars are members of this cluster, membership indicators are provided in the catalog. The catalog, combining Tables 1 and 2 of the publication, gives the data for 1531 flares of 519 flare stars.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Henry R.C. Hesser J.E.']\n",
"The photoelectric measurements of the strength of the Calcium K-line has been extended by 223 stars of predominantly southern or equatorial declinations which are well distributed in right ascension. This has expanded the existent list to 369 field stars for which a k-index is available, including many more Am stars. All available k-index data for field stars are presented here. Introduction: The present work represents a continuation of that described previously (Henry 1968ApJ...152L..87H, 1969ApJS...18...47H = II/42, [hereinafter referenced as Paper I]), in which the K-line of calcium at 3933{AA} is measured photoelectrically in A-type stars with a narrow-band spectrometer. The result for each star is a K-line strength index, called k, the value of which appears to depend predominantly only on the temperature of the star and the abundance of calcium in its atmosphere. The temperature dependence is well known; the abundance dependence appears as a correlation between the residual dK in K (after allowance for the temperature effect) and the difference from normal of the general metallicity index [m1] of Stromgren. Alternatively, it was shown in Paper I that the calcium abundance is probably the effective factor in producing the scatter in the relation between k and b-y by a process of elimination of other parameters (luminosity, etc.) that were found not to affect appreciably the value of k. The value of k is, however, affected by a third parameter, namely, whether the star is an Am star or not. Many of the stars of Paper I were reobserved in order to tie in the new measurements with the old ones. An emphasis was laid on observing more Am stars, and on observing some stars that are of somewhat earlier spectral types than the earliest ones observed previously. Simultaneously with the field-star measurements described here, extensive data were acquired for the A stars in five open clusters (Hyades, Pleiades, IC 2391, IC 2602, and NGC 6475) and one association (Orion), as described in Paper III (Hesser & Henry 1971ApJS...23..453H). The observations were made with the same instrument that was used to obtain the data for Paper I, and a description of the instrument may be found in that paper.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Hesser J.E.', ' Henry R.C.']\n",
"Photoelectric photometry of the K-line of calcium has been performed for the A stars of five open clusters (Hyades, Pleiades, IC 2391, IC 2602, and NGC 6475) and one association (Orion). All observations were carried out simultaneously with the field stars measurements in Paper II (II/43), with the 16-inch (40cm) and 36-inch (91cm) telescopes of the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, between May 1969 and January 1970.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['SCHILBACH E.', ' ROBICHON N.', ' SOUCHAY J.', ' GUIBERT J.']\n",
"A catalogue of proper motions and photographic B,V magnitudes for stars up to B=19 mag within a region centered near Alcyone is presented. The catalogue is based on MAMA measurements of 8 plates taken with the Tautenburg Schmidt telescope. The survey includes ca. 14500 stars and covers a total field of about 9 square degrees. Membership probabilities, proper motions and B,V magnitudes are listed for 442 stars up to B=19 mag in the Pleiades field.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Mermilliod J.-C.', ' Bratschi P.', ' Mayor P.']\n",
"The analysis of CORAVEL radial velocities of 93 stars selected on the basis of their proper motion and Geneva CCD photometric observations for 57 stars have permitted to identify 25 new members in the outer part of the Pleiades. Several spectroscopic binaries have been discovered, but their membership is not clear. Two orbits with short periods have been determined, but both stars are probably non-members. The total number of member stars in the outer part of the Pleiades in the spectral range F5-K0 (0.45~20{deg}, and Dec>=-9{deg}. A detailed study was carried out for the subsample of ~200 G, K, and M stars. Lithium abundances were determined for 179 G-M stars. Radial velocities were measured for most of the 141 G and K type stars of the sample. Combined with proper motions these data were used to study the age distribution and the kinematical properties of the sample. Based on the lithium abundances half of the G-K stars were found to be younger than the Hyades (660Myr). About 25% are comparable in age to the Pleiades (100Myr). A small subsample of 10 stars is younger than the Pleiades. They are therefore most likely pre-main sequence stars. Kinematically the PMS and Pleiades-type stars appear to form a group with space velocities close to the Castor moving group but clearly distinct from the Local Association.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Pillitteri I.', ' Micela G.', ' Damiani F.', ' Sciortino S.']\n",
"We report a deep X-ray survey of the young (~140Myr), rich open cluster NGC 2516 obtained with the EPIC camera on board the XMM-Newton satellite. By combining data from six observations, a high sensitivity, greater than a factor of 5 with respect to recent Chandra observations, has been achieved. Kaplan-Meier estimators of the cumulative X-ray luminosity distribution are built, statistically corrected for non members contaminants and compared to those of the nearly coeval Pleiades. The EPIC spectra of the X-ray brightest stars are fitted using optically thin model plasma with one or two thermal components. We detected 431 X-ray sources and 234 of them have as optical counterparts cluster stars spanning the entire NGC 2516 Main Sequence.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Groenewegen M.A.T.', ' Decin L.', ' Salaris M.', ' De Cat P.']\n",
"HD 23642 is the only known eclipsing binary in the Pleiades, and therefore of importance in determining the distance to this cluster. To use new photometric and spectroscopic data in combination with existing data in the literature in order to improve the determination of the parameters of the system, its distance and reddening. New photometric and spectroscopic data are presented for HD 23642. The spectroscopic data are ``spectrally disentangled'' using the KOREL code. The new and literature photometric and radial velocity data are simultaneously analysed using the FOTEL code to obtain the orbital solution and derive the fundamental parameters of the two stars. The distance and reddening are determined by fitting 7-colour Geneva, B,V and Stroemgren colours, and considering surface-brightness relations for the two components in (B-V) and Stroemgren c_1_-index. The preferred distance is 138.0+/-1.5pc for a reddening of E(B-V)=0.025+/-0.003. The reddening value is larger than the 0.012 adopted in the recent works on this stars by Munari et al. (2004A&A...418L..31M) and Southworth et al. (2005A&A...429..645S), and smaller than other values in the literature for the cluster reddening. The distance is in agreement with other recent works on the distance to the Pleiades. A comparison with evolutionary models suggests that the inclusion of convective core overshoot gives a much better fit to the empirical mass-radius relationship obtained from the binary analysis. Both this comparison and the \"spectral disentangling\" are consistent with HD 23642 having [Fe/H]=+0.06, a value determined by the most recent spectroscopical analyses of Pleiades stars.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Mermilliod J.-C.', ' Platais I.', ' James D.J.', ' Grenon M.', ' Cargile P.A.']\n",
"The nearby open cluster Blanco 1 is of considerable astrophysical interest for formation and evolution studies of open clusters because it is the third highest Galactic latitude cluster known. It has been observed often, but so far no definitive and comprehensive membership determination is readily available. An observing programme was carried out to study the stellar population of Blanco 1, and especially the membership and binary frequency of the F5-K0 dwarfs. We obtained radial-velocities with the CORAVEL spectrograph in the field of Blanco 1 for a sample of 148 F-G-K candidate stars in the magnitude range 101.4).\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Bouvier J', ' Barrado D.', ' Moraux E.', ' Stauffer J.', ' Rebull L.', ' Hillenbrand L.,Bayo A.', ' Boisse I.', ' Bouy H.', ' DiFolco E.', ' Lillo-Box J.', ' Morales Calderon M.']\n",
"The evolution of lithium abundance over a star's lifetime is indicative of transport processes operating in the stellar interior. Aims. We revisit the relationship between lithium content and rotation rate previously reported for cool dwarfs in the Pleiades cluster. Methods. We derive new LiI 670.8nm equivalent width measurements from high-resolution spectra obtained for low-mass Pleiades members. We combine these new measurements with previously published ones, and use the Kepler/K2 rotational periods recently derived for Pleiades cool dwarfs to investigate the lithium-rotation connection in this 125Myr-old cluster. Results. The new data confirm the correlation between lithium equivalent width and stellar spin rate for a sample of 51 early K-type members of the cluster, where fast rotating stars are systematically lithium-rich compared to slowly rotating ones. The correlation is valid for all stars over the (J-Ks) color range 0.50-0.70mag, corresponding to a mass range from about 0.75 to 0.90M_{sun}_, and may extend down to lower masses. Conclusions. We argue that the dispersion in lithium equivalent widths observed for cool dwarfs in the Pleiades cluster reflects an intrinsic scatter in lithium abundances, and suggest that the physical origin of the lithium dispersion pattern is to be found in the pre-main sequence rotational history of solar-type stars.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Fritzewski D.J.', ' Barnes S.A.', ' James D.J.', ' Geller A.M.', ' Meibom S.,Strassmeier K.G.']\n",
"NGC 3532 is an extremely rich open cluster embedded in the Galactic disc, hitherto lacking a comprehensive, documented membership list. We provide membership probabilities from new radial velocity observations of solar-type and low-mass stars in NGC 3532, in part as a prelude to a subsequent study of stellar rotation in the cluster. Using extant optical and infra-red photometry we constructed a preliminary photometric membership catalogue, consisting of 2230 dwarf and turn-off stars. We selected 1060 of these for observation with the AAOmega spectrograph at the 3.9m Anglo-Australian Telescope and 391 stars for observations with the Hydra-South spectrograph at the 4m Victor Blanco Telescope, obtaining spectroscopic observations over a decade for 145 stars. We measured radial velocities for our targets through cross-correlation with model spectra and standard stars, and supplemented them with radial velocities for 433 additional stars from the literature. We also measured logg, Teff, and [Fe/H] from the AAOmega spectra. The radial velocity distribution emerging from the observations is centred at 5.43+/-0.04km/s and has a width (standard deviation) of 1.46km/s. Together with proper motions from Gaia DR2 we find 660 exclusive members, of which five are likely binary members. The members are distributed across the whole cluster sequence, from giant stars to M dwarfs, making NGC~3532 one of the richest Galactic open clusters known to date, on par with the Pleiades. From further spectroscopic analysis of 153 dwarf members we find the metallicity to be marginally sub-solar, with [Fe/H]=-0.07+/-0.10. We confirm the extremely low reddening of the cluster, E_B-V_=0.034+/-0.012mag, despite its location near the Galactic plane. Exploiting trigonometric parallax measurements from Gaia DR2 we find a distance of 484^+35^_-30_pc [(m-M)_0_=8.42+/-0.14mag]. Based on the membership we provide an empirical cluster sequence in multiple photometric passbands. A comparison of the photometry of the measured cluster members with several recent model isochrones enables us to confirm the 300Myr cluster age. However, all of the models evince departures from the cluster sequence in particular regions, especially in the lower mass range.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Lodieu N.', ' Perez-Garrido A.', ' Smart R.L.', ' Silvotti', ' R.']\n",
"Our scientific goal is to provide revised membership lists of the alpha Per, Pleiades, and Praesepe clusters exploiting the second data release of Gaia and produce five-dimensional maps ({alpha}, {delta}, {pi}, {mu}_{alpha}_cos{delta}, {mu}_{delta}_) of these clusters. We implemented the kinematic method combined with the statistical treatment of parallaxes and proper motions to identify astrometric member candidates of three of the most nearby and best studied open clusters in the sky. We cross-correlated the Gaia catalogue with large-scale public surveys to complement the astrometry of Gaia with multi-band photometry from the optical to the mid-infrared. We identified 517, 1248, and 721 bona fide astrometric member candidates inside the tidal radius of alpha Per, the Pleiades, and Praesepe, respectively. We cross-matched our final samples with catalogues from previous surveys to address the level of completeness. We update the main physical properties of the clusters, including mean distance and velocity, as well as core, half-mass, and tidal radii. We infer updated ages from the white dwarf members of the Pleiades and Praesepe. We derive the luminosity and mass functions of the three clusters and compare them to the field mass function. We compute the positions in space of all member candidates in the three regions to investigate their distribution in space. We provide updated distances and kinematics for the three clusters. We identify a list of members in the alpha Per, Pleiades, and Praesepe clusters from the most massive stars all the way down to the hydrogen-burning limit with a higher confidence and better astrometry than previous studies. We produce complete 5D maps of stellar and substellar bona fide members in these three regions. The photometric sequences derived in several colour-magnitude diagrams represent benchmark cluster sequences at ages from 90 to 600Myr. We note the presence of a stream around the Pleiades cluster extending up to 40 pc from the cluster centre.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Roeser S.', ' Schilbach E.']\n",
"Within a sphere of 400pc radius around the Sun, we search for members of the Pisces-Eridanus (Psc-Eri) stellar stream in the Gaia Data Release 2 DR2) data set. We compare basic astrophysical characteristics of the stream with those of the Pleiades. We used a modified convergent-point method to identify stars with 2D - velocities consistent with the space velocity of the Psc-Eri stream and the Pleiades, respectively. We found 1387 members of the Psc-Eri stream in a G-magnitude range from 5.1mag to 19.3mag at distances between 80 and 380pc from the Sun. The stream has a nearly cylindrical shape with a length of at least 700pc and a thickness of 100pc. The accumulated stellar mass of the 1387 members amounts to about 770M_{sun}_, and the stream is gravitationally unbound. For the stream we found an age of about 135Myr. In many astrophysical properties Psc-Eri is comparable to the open cluster M45 (the Pleiades): in its age, its luminosity function (LF), its present-day mass function (PDMF) as well as in its total mass. Nonetheless, the two stellar ensembles are completely unlike in their physical appearance. We cautiously give two possible explanations for this disagreement: (i) the star-formation efficiency in their parental molecular clouds was higher for the Pleiades than for Psc-Eri or/and (ii) the Pleiades had a higher primordial mass segregation immediately after the expulsion of the molecular gas of the parental cloud.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Miret-Roig N.', ' Huelamo N.', ' Bouy H.']\n",
"Debris discs orbiting young stars are key to understand dust evolution and the planetary formation process.We take advantage of a recent membership analysis of the 30Myr nearby open cluster IC 4665 based on the Gaia and DANCe surveys to revisit the disc population of this cluster. We aim to study the disc population of IC 4665 using Spitzer (MIPS and IRAC) and WISE photometry. We use several colour-colour diagrams with empirical photospheric sequences to detect the sources with an infrared excess. Independently, we also fit the spectral energy distribution (SED) of our debris disc candidates with the Virtual Observatory SED analyser (VOSA) which is capable of automatically detecting infrared excesses and provides effective temperature estimates. We find six candidates debris disc host-stars (five with MIPS and one with WISE) and two of them are new candidates. We estimate a disc fraction of 24+/-10% for the B-A stars, where our sample is expected to be complete. This is similar to what has been reported in other clusters of similar ages (Upper Centaurus Lupus, Lower Centaurus Crux, the $\\beta$ Pictoris moving group, and the Pleiades). For solar type stars we find a disk fraction of 9+/-9%, lower than that observed in regions with comparable ages. Our candidates debris disc host-stars are excellent targets to be studied with ALMA or the future James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Fritzewski D.J.', ' Barnes S.A.', ' James D.J.', ' Strassmeier K.G.']\n",
"We wish to measure the cool star rotation period distribution for the Pleiades-age rich open cluster NGC 2516 and use it to determine whether cluster-to-cluster variations exist in otherwise identical open clusters. We obtained 42d-long time-series CCD photometry of NGC 2516 in the V and Ic filters using the Yale 1m telescope at CTIO and performed a number of related analyses, including PSF-based time-series photometry. Our data are complemented with additional information from several photometric datasets, literature radial velocities, and Gaia DR2 astrometry. All available data are used to construct an integrated membership list for NGC 2516, containing 844 stars in our ~1 degree field of view. We derived 308 rotation periods for late-F to mid-M cluster members from our photometry. We identified an additional 247 periodic M dwarf stars from a prior study as cluster members, and used these to construct a 555-star rotation period distribution for NGC 2516. The colour-period diagram (in multiple colours) has almost no outliers and exhibits the anticipated triangular shape, with a diagonal slow rotator sequence that is preferentially occupied by the warmer stars along with a flat fast rotator sequence that is preferentially populated by the cooler cluster members. We also find a group of extremely slowly rotating M dwarfs (10d). Our surveyed region extends from 2h 40m to 5h 40m in right ascension and from 10deg to 40deg in declination, with the central part of Taurus-Auriga(4h<{alpha}<5h, 15deg<{delta}<34deg), accomplished by Wichmann et al. (1996, Cat. ), excluded. Within a sky coverage of about 10$^{3}$ square degrees, 219 X-ray sources fullfill the criteria for selecting program sources suggested by Neuhauser et al. (1995A&A...295L...5N) and 164 of these X-ray sources were found to have at least one optical counterpart with E magnitude brighter than 16. Low-resolution spectroscopic observation has been carried out in order to discard early type stars and galaxies from the sample, additional intermediate-resolution spectra of a sub-sample of 156 late type optical counterparts were obtained for spectral classification and for the calculation of the equivalent width of H{alpha} emission and LiI line absorption at 6707{AA}. Excluding 2 previously identified WTTS, a total of 75 new candidate WTTS and one possible classical T Tauri star have been discovered in our study. The majority of the newly found Li-rich optical counterparts are believed to b e PMS stars rather than ZAMS stars as those of the Pleiades.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Kinman T.D.', ' Suntzeff N.B.', ' Kraft R.P.']\n",
"A complete sample of blue horizontal branch (BHB) stars in the magnitude range 13.0=35kpc, a classical spherical halo dominates which follows a R_gal_^-3.5^ space-density law and which has a HB morphology like that of the globular cluster M3 (i.e., approximately equal numbers of BHB and RR Lyrae stars). Closer to the galactic plane, there is an additional component with a much flatter galactic distribution (scale height ~2.2kpc near the Sun). The stars of the two components do not have significantly different metallicity distributions but do have slightly different distributions of the A parameter which measures the steepness of the Balmer jump; this is the only physical criterion (independent of spatial or kinematic considerations) which distinguishes between the two components. If present estimates of the local RR Lyrae star space density are correct, then the ratio of BHB stars to RR Lyrae stars is higher in the flatter halo component. The flat component would then have a bluer HB morphology (which could be interpreted as making it older) than the spherical component. In the solar neighborhood about 80 percent of the BHB stars come from the flat component and about 20 percent from the spherical component. More than half of the AF stars with V>13.0 and (B-V)_0_<+0.23 are not BHB stars but have surface gravities that are more like those expected for main sequence stars. Their measured metallicities lie in the range -0.2<[Fe/H]<-2.3. The more metal-poor of these stars are probably similar to the blue metal-poor stars that have been discussed by Preston et al. (1994AJ....108..538P) which, while they probably include globular cluster blue stragglers as a subset, must also comprise stars of other types.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Prosser C.F.', ' Stauffer J.R.', ' Caillault J.-P.', ' Balachandran S.,Stern R.A.', ' Randich S.']\n",
"A ROSAT X-ray survey, with complementary optical photometry, of the open cluster NGC 6475 has enabled the detection of ~50 late-F to K0 and ~70 K/M dwarf new candidate members, providing the first reliable detection of low-mass stars in this low galactic latitude, 220Myr old cluster. The X-ray observations reported here have a typical limiting sensitivity of L_X_ ~ 10^29^erg/s. The detection frequency of early type cluster members is consistent with the hypothesis that the X-ray emitting early type stars are binary systems with an unseen, low-mass secondary producing the X-rays. The ratio between X-ray and bolometric luminosity among NGC 6475 members saturates at a spectral-type/color which is intermediate between that in much younger and in much older clusters, consistent with rotational spindown of solar-type stars upon their arrival on the ZAMS. The upper envelope of X-ray luminosity as a function of spectral type is comparable to that of the Pleiades, with the observed spread in X-ray luminosity among low-mass members being likely due to the presence of binaries and relatively rapid rotators. However, the list of X-ray selected candidate members is likely biased against low-mass, slowly rotating single stars. While some preliminary spectroscopic information is given in an appendix, further spectroscopic observations of the new candidate members will aid in interpreting the coronal activity among solar-type NGC 6475 members and their relation to similar stars in older and younger open clusters.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Clampitt L.', ' Burstein D.']\n",
"Spectrophotometry is presented for 237 stars in 7 nearby open clusters: Hyades, Pleiades, Alpha Persei, Praesepe, Coma Berenices, IC 4665, and M39. The observations were taken by Lee McDonald and David Burstein using the Wampler single-channel scanner on the Crossley 0.9m telescope at Lick Observatory from 1973 July through 1974 December. Sixteen bandpasses spanning the spectral range 3500-7780{AA} were observed for each star, with bandwidths 32, 48, or 64{AA}. Data are standardized to the Hayes-Latham system to mutual accuracy of 0.016mag per passband. The accuracy of the spectrophotometry is assessed in three ways on a star-by-star basis. First, comparisons are made with previously published spectrophotometry for 19 stars observed in common. Second, (B-V) colors and uvby colors are compared for 236 stars and 221 stars, respectively. Finally, comparisons are made for 200 main sequence stars to the spectral synthesis models of Kurucz, fixing logg=4.0 and [Fe/H]=0.0, and only varying effective temperature. The accuracy of tests using uvby colors and the Kurucz models are shown to track each other closely, yielding an accuracy estimate (1{sigma}) of 0.01mag for the 13 colors formed from bandpasses longward of the Balmer jump, and 0.02mag for the 3 colors formed from the three bandpasses below the Balmer jump. In contrast, larger scatter is found relative to the previously published spectrophotometry of Bohm-Vitense & Johnson (1977ApJS...35..461B) (16 stars in common) and Gunn & Stryker (1983, Cat. ) (3 stars). We also show that the scatter in the fits of the spectrophotometric colors and the uvby filter colors is a reasonable way to identify the observations of which specific stars are accurate to 1{sigma}, 2{sigma}, .... As such, the residuals from both the filter color fits and the Kurucz model fits are tabulated for each star where it was possible to make a comparison, so users of these data can choose stars according to the accuracy of the data that is appropriate to their needs. The very good agreement between the models and these data verifies the accuracy of these data, and also verifies the usefulness of the Kurucz models to define spectrophotometry for stars in this temperature range (>5000K). These data define accurate spectrophotometry of bright, open cluster stars that can be used as a secondary flux calibration for CCD-based spectrophotometric surveys. (c) 1997 American Astronomical Society.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Stassun K.G.', ' Mathieu R.D.', ' Mazeh T.', ' Vrba F.J.']\n",
"We report rotation periods for 254 stars in an area 40'x80' centered on the Orion Nebula. We show that these stars are likely members of the young (~10^6^yr) Orion OBIc/d association. The rotation period distribution we determine, which is sensitive to periods 0.11000 members), and relatively nearby, the Pleiades has provided an anchor for stellar angular momentum models for both younger and older stars. We used K2 to explore the distribution of rotation periods in the Pleiades. With more than 500 new periods for Pleiades members, we are vastly expanding the number of Pleiades with periods, particularly at the low-mass end. About 92% of the members in our sample have at least one measured spot-modulated rotation period. For the ~8% of the members without periods, non-astrophysical effects often dominate (saturation, etc.), such that periodic signals might have been detectable, all other things being equal. We now have an unusually complete view of the rotation distribution in the Pleiades. The relationship between P and (V-K_s_)_0_ follows the overall trends found in other Pleiades studies. There is a slowly rotating sequence for 1.1<~(V-K_s_)_0_<~3.7 and a primarily rapidly rotating population for (V-K_s_)_0_>~5.0. There is a region in which there seems to be a disorganized relationship between P and (V-K_s_)_0_ for 3.7<~(V-K_s_)_0_<~5.0. Paper II continues the discussion, focusing on multiperiod structures, and Paper III speculates about the origin and evolution of the period distribution in the Pleiades.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Rebull L.M.', ' Stauffer J.R.', ' Bouvier J.', ' Cody A.M.', ' Hillenbrand L.A.,Soderblom D.R.', ' Valenti J.', ' Barrado D.', ' Bouy H.', ' Ciardi D.,Pinsonneault M.', ' Stassun K.', ' Micela G.', ' Aigrain S.', ' Vrba F.', ' Somers G.,Gillen E.', ' Collier Cameron A.']\n",
"We use K2 to continue the exploration of the distribution of rotation periods in Pleiades that we began in Paper I. We have discovered complicated multiperiod behavior in Pleiades stars using these K2 data, and we have grouped them into categories, which are the focal part of this paper. About 24% of the sample has multiple, real frequencies in the periodogram, sometimes manifesting as obvious beating in the LCs. Those having complex and/or structured periodogram peaks, unresolved multiple periods, and resolved close multiple periods are likely due to spot/spot group evolution and/or latitudinal differential rotation; these largely compose the slowly rotating sequence in P versus (V-K_s_)_0_ identified in Paper I. The fast sequence in P versus (V-K_s_)_0_ is dominated by single-period stars; these are likely to be rotating as solid bodies. Paper III continues the discussion, speculating about the origin and evolution of the period distribution in the Pleiades.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Stauffer J.', ' Rebull L.', ' Bouvier J.', ' Hillenbrand L.A.', ' Collier-Cameron A.,Pinsonneault M.', ' Aigrain S.', ' Barrado D.', ' Bouy H.', ' Ciardi D.', ' Cody A.M.,David T.', ' Micela G.', ' Soderblom D.', ' Somers G.', ' Stassun K.G.', ' Valenti J.,Vrba F.J.']\n",
"We use high-quality K2 light curves for hundreds of stars in the Pleiades to better understand the angular momentum evolution and magnetic dynamos of young low-mass stars. The K2 light curves provide not only rotational periods but also detailed information from the shape of the phased light curve that was not available in previous studies. A slowly rotating sequence begins at (V-K_s_)_0_~1.1 (spectral type F5) and ends at (V-K_s_)_0_~3.7 (spectral type K8), with periods rising from ~2 to ~11 days in that interval. A total of 52% of the Pleiades members in that color interval have periods within 30% of a curve defining the slow sequence; the slowly rotating fraction decreases significantly redward of (V-K_s_)_0_=2.6. Nearly all of the slow-sequence stars show light curves that evolve significantly on timescales less than the K2 campaign duration. The majority of the FGK Pleiades members identified as photometric binaries are relatively rapidly rotating, perhaps because binarity inhibits star-disk angular momentum loss mechanisms during pre-main-sequence evolution. The fully convective late M dwarf Pleiades members (5.0<(V-K_s_)_0_<6.0) nearly always show stable light curves, with little spot evolution or evidence of differential rotation. During pre-main-sequence evolution from ~3Myr (NGC2264 age) to ~125Myr (Pleiades age), stars of 0.3M_{Sun}_ shed about half of their angular momentum, with the fractional change in period between 3 and 125Myr being nearly independent of mass for fully convective stars. Our data also suggest that very low mass binaries form with rotation periods more similar to each other and faster than would be true if drawn at random from the parent population of single stars.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Somers G.', ' Stassun K.G.']\n",
"Precise measurements of eclipsing binary parameters and statistical studies of young clusters have suggested that some magnetically active low-mass dwarfs possess radii inflated by ~5%-15% relative to theoretical expectations. If true, this effect should be pronounced in young open clusters, due to the rapid rotation and strong magnetic activity of their most extreme members. We explore this possibility by determining empirical radii for 83 members of the nearby Pleiades open cluster, using spectral energy distribution fitting to establish F_bol_ with a typical accuracy of ~3% together with color and spectro-photometric indices to determine T_eff_. We find several Pleiades members with radii inflated above radius-T_eff_ models from state-of-the-art calculations, and apparent dispersions in radii for the K-dwarfs of the cluster. Moreover, we demonstrate that this putative radius inflation correlates strongly with rotation rate, consistent with inflation of young stars by magnetic activity and/or starspots. We argue that this signal is not a consequence of starspot-induced color anomalies, binarity, or depth effects in the cluster, employing Gaia DR1 distances as a check. Finally, we consider the lithium abundances of these stars, demonstrating a triple correlation between rotation rate, radius inflation, and enhanced lithium abundance. Our result-already significant to ~99.99% confidence-provides strong support for a magnetic origin of the inflated radii and lithium dispersion observed in young, low-mass stars.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Jao W.-C.', ' Henry T.J.', ' Winters J.G.', ' Subasavage J.P.', ' Riedel A.R.,Silverstein M.L.', ' Ianna P.A.']\n",
"Parallaxes, proper motions, and optical photometry are presented for 51 systems consisting of 37 cool subdwarf and 14 additional high proper motion systems. Thirty-seven systems have parallaxes reported for the first time, 15 of which have proper motions of at least 1\"/yr. The sample includes 22 newly identified cool subdwarfs within 100 pc, of which three are within 25 pc, and an additional five subdwarfs from 100 to 160 pc. Two systems-LSR 1610-0040 AB and LHS 440 AB-are close binaries exhibiting clear astrometric perturbations that will ultimately provide important masses for cool subdwarfs. We use the accurate parallaxes and proper motions provided here, combined with additional data from our program and others, to determine that effectively all nearby stars with tangential velocities greater than 200 km/s are subdwarfs. We compare a sample of 167 confirmed cool subdwarfs to nearby main sequence dwarfs and Pleiades members on an observational Hertzsprung-Russell diagram using M_V_ versus (V-K_s_) to map trends of age and metallicity. We find that subdwarfs are clearly separated for spectral types K5-M5, indicating that the low metallicities of subdwarfs set them apart in the H-R diagram for (V-K_s_)=3-6. We then apply the tangential velocity cutoff and the subdwarf region of the H-R diagram to stars with parallaxes from Gaia Data Release 1 and the MEarth Project to identify a total of 29 new nearby subdwarf candidates that fall clearly below the main sequence.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Rizzuto A.C.', ' Mann A.W.', ' Vanderburg A.', ' Kraus A.L.', ' Covey K.R.']\n",
"Detection of transiting exoplanets around young stars is more difficult than for older systems owing to increased stellar variability. Nine young open cluster planets have been found in the K2 data, but no single analysis pipeline identified all planets. We have developed a transit search pipeline for young stars that uses a transit-shaped notch and quadratic continuum in a 12 or 24 hr window to fit both the stellar variability and the presence of a transit. In addition, for the most rapid rotators (P_rot_<2 days) we model the variability using a linear combination of observed rotations of each star. To maximally exploit our new pipeline, we update the membership for four stellar populations observed by K2 (Upper Scorpius, Pleiades, Hyades, Praesepe) and conduct a uniform search of the members. We identify all known transiting exoplanets in the clusters, 17 eclipsing binaries, one transiting planet candidate orbiting a potential Pleiades member, and three orbiting unlikely members of the young clusters. Limited injection recovery testing on the known planet hosts indicates that for the older Praesepe systems we are sensitive to additional exoplanets as small as 1-2 R_{Earth}_, and for the larger Upper Scorpius planet host (K2-33) our pipeline is sensitive to ~4 R_{Earth}_ transiting planets. The lack of detected multiple systems in the young clusters is consistent with the expected frequency from the original Kepler sample, within our detection limits. With a robust pipeline that detects all known planets in the young clusters, occurrence rate testing at young ages is now possible.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Rebull L.M.', ' Stauffer J.R.', ' Cody A.M.', ' Hillenbrand L.A.', ' David T.J.,Pinsonneault M.']\n",
"We present an analysis of K2 light curves (LCs) for candidate members of the young Upper Sco (USco) association (~8 Myr) and the neighboring {rho} Oph embedded cluster (~1 Myr). We establish ~1300 stars as probable members, ~80% of which are periodic. The phased LCs have a variety of shapes which can be attributed to physical causes ranging from stellar pulsation and stellar rotation to disk-related phenomena. We identify and discuss a number of observed behaviors. The periods are ~0.2-30 days with a peak near 2 days and the rapid period end nearing breakup velocity. M stars in the young USco region rotate systematically faster than GK stars, a pattern also present in K2 data for the older Pleiades and Praesepe systems. At higher masses (types FGK), the well-defined period-color relationship for slowly rotating stars seen in the Pleiades and Praesepe systems is not yet present in USco. Circumstellar disks are present predominantly among the more slowly rotating M stars in USco, with few disks in the subday rotators. However, M dwarfs with disks rotate faster on average than FGK systems with disks. For four of these disked M dwarfs, we provide direct evidence for disk locking based on the K2 LC morphologies. Our preliminary analysis shows a relatively mass-independent spin-up by a factor of ~3.5 between USco and the Pleiades, then mass-dependent spin-down between Pleiades and Praesepe.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Hillenbrand L.A.', ' Zhang C.', ' Riddle R.L.', ' Baranec C.', ' Ziegler C.', ' Law N.M.,Stauffer J.']\n",
"We identify and roughly characterize 66 candidate binary star systems in the Pleiades, Praesepe, and NGC 2264 star clusters, based on robotic adaptive optics imaging data obtained using Robo-AO at the Palomar 60\" telescope. Only ~10% of our imaged pairs were previously known. We detect companions at red optical wavelengths, with physical separations ranging from a few tens to a few thousands of au. A three-sigma contrast curve generated for each final image provides upper limits to the brightness ratios for any undetected putative companions. The observations are sensitive to companions with a maximum contrast of ~6^m^ at larger separations. At smaller separations, the mean (best) raw contrast at 2\" is 3.8^m^ (6^m^), at 1\" is 3.0^m^ (4.5^m^), and at 0.5\" is 1.9^m^ (3^m^). Point-spread function subtraction can recover nearly the full contrast in the closer separations. For detected candidate binary pairs, we report separations, position angles, and relative magnitudes. Theoretical isochrones appropriate to the Pleiades and Praesepe clusters are then used to determine the corresponding binary mass ratios, which range from 0.2 to 0.9 in q=m_2_/m_1_. For our sample of roughly solar-mass (FGK type) stars in NGC 2264 and sub-solar-mass (K and early M-type) primaries in the Pleiades and Praesepe, the overall binary frequency is measured at ~15.5%+/-2%. However, this value should be considered a lower limit to the true binary fraction within the specified separation and mass ratio ranges in these clusters, given that complex and uncertain corrections for sensitivity and completeness have not been applied.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Anthony-Twarog B.J.', ' Deliyannis C.P.', ' Harmer D.', ' Lee-Brown D.B.,Steinhauer A.', ' Sun Q.', ' Twarog B.A.']\n",
"Hydra spectra of 85 G-K dwarfs in the young cluster M35 near the Li 6708 {AA} line region are analyzed. From velocities and Gaia astrometry, 78 are likely single-star members that, combined with previous work, produce 108 members with T_eff_ ranging from 6150 to 4000 K as defined by multicolor, broadband photometry, E(B-V)=0.20, and [Fe/H]=-0.15, though there are indications the metallicity may be closer to solar. The Lithium abundance A(Li) follows a well-delineated decline from 3.15 for the hottest stars to upper limits =<1.0 among the coolest dwarfs. Contrary to earlier work, M35 includes single stars at systematically higher A(Li) than the mean cluster relation. This subset exhibits higher V_ROT_ than the more Li-depleted sample and, from photometric rotation periods, is dominated by stars classed as convective (C); all others are interface (I) stars. The cool, high-Li rapid rotators (RRs) are consistent with models that simultaneously consider rapid rotation and radius inflation; RRs hotter than the Sun exhibit excess Li depletion, as predicted by the models. The A(Li) distribution with color and rotation period, when compared to the Hyades/Praesepe and the Pleiades, is consistent with gyrochronological analysis placing M35's age between the older M34 and younger Pleiades. However, the Pleiades display a more excessive range in A(Li) and rotation period than M35 on the low-Li, slow-rotation side of the distribution, with supposedly younger stars at a given T_eff_ in the Pleiades spinning slower, with A(Li) reduced by more than a factor of four compared to M35.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Curtis J.L.', ' Agueros M.A.', ' Mamajek E.E.', ' Wright J.T.', ' Cummings J.D.']\n",
"Pisces-Eridanus (Psc-Eri), a nearby (d~80-226 pc) stellar stream stretching across ~120{deg} of the sky, was recently discovered with Gaia data. The stream was claimed to be ~1 Gyr old, which would make it an exceptional discovery for stellar astrophysics, as star clusters of that age are rare and tend to be distant, limiting their utility as benchmark samples. We test this old age for Psc-Eri in two ways. First, we compare the rotation periods for 101 low-mass members (measured using time-series photometry from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) to those of well-studied open clusters. Second, we identify 34 new high-mass candidate members, including the notable stars {lambda} Tauri (an Algol-type eclipsing binary) and HD 1160 (host to a directly imaged object near the hydrogen-burning limit). We conduct an isochronal analysis of the color-magnitude data for these highest-mass members, again comparing our results to those for open clusters. Both analyses show that the stream has an age consistent with that of the Pleiades, i.e., ~120 Myr. This makes the Psc-Eri stream an exciting source of young benchmarkable stars and, potentially, exoplanets located in a more diffuse environment that is distinct from that of the Pleiades and of other dense star clusters.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Rebull L.M.', ' Stauffer J.R.', ' Cody A.M.', ' Hillenbrand L.A.', ' Bouvier J.,Roggero N.', ' David T.J.']\n",
"We present an analysis of K2 light curves (LCs) from Campaigns 4 and 13 for members of the young (~3Myr) Taurus association, in addition to an older (~30Myr) population of stars that is largely in the foreground of the Taurus molecular clouds. Out of 156 of the highest-confidence Taurus members, we find that 81% are periodic. Our sample of young foreground stars is biased and incomplete, but nearly all stars (37/38) are periodic. The overall distribution of rotation rates as a function of color (a proxy for mass) is similar to that found in other clusters: the slowest rotators are among the early M spectral types, with faster rotation toward both earlier FGK and later M types. The relationship between period and color/mass exhibited by older clusters such as the Pleiades is already in place by Taurus age. The foreground population has very few stars but is consistent with the USco and Pleiades period distributions. As found in other young clusters, stars with disks rotate on average slower, and few with disks are found rotating faster than ~2days. The overall amplitude of the LCs decreases with age, and higher-mass stars have generally lower amplitudes than lower-mass stars. Stars with disks have on average larger amplitudes than stars without disks, though the physical mechanisms driving the variability and the resulting LC morphologies are also different between these two classes.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Boyle A.W.', ' Bouma L.G.']\n",
"On the pre-main sequence, the rotation rates of Sun-like stars are dictated by the interplay between the protostellar disk and the star's contraction. At ages exceeding 100Myr, magnetic spindown erases the initial stellar spin rate and enables rotation-based age dating (gyrochronology). The exact time at which the transition between these two regimes occurs depends on stellar mass, and has been challenging to empirically resolve due to a lack of viable calibration clusters. The {alpha}Persei open cluster (t~80Myr, d~170pc) may provide the needed calibrator, but recent analyses of the Gaia data have provided wildly varying views of its age and spatial extent. As such, we analyze a combination of TESS, Gaia, and LAMOST data to calibrate gyrochronology at the age of {alpha}Per and to uncover the cluster's true morphology. By assembling a list of rotationally confirmed {alpha}Per members, we provide strong evidence that {alpha}Per is part of a larger complex of similarly aged stars. Through kinematic back-integration, we show that the most diffuse components of {alpha}Per were five times closer together 50Myr ago. Finally, we use our stellar rotation periods to derive a relative gyrochronology age for {alpha}Per of 67%{+/-}12% the age of the Pleiades, which yields 86{+/-}16Myr given current knowledge. We show that by this age, stars more massive than ~0.8M{sun} have converged to form a well-defined slow sequence.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Micela G.', ' Sciortino S.', ' Vaiana G.S.', ' Harnden F.R.', ' Rosner R.,Schmitt J.H.M.M.']\n",
"Coronal X-ray emission of the Pleiades stars is investigated, and maximum likelihood, integral X-ray luminosity functions are computed for Pleiades members in selected color-index ranges. A detailed search is conducted for long-term variability in the X-ray emission of those stars observed more than once. An overall comparison of the survey results with those of previous surveys confirms the ubiquity of X-ray emission in the Pleiades cluster stars and its higher rate of emission with respect to older stars. It is found that the X-ray emission from dA and early dF stars cannot be proven to be dissimilar to that of Hyades and field stars of the same spectral type. The Pleiades cluster members show a real rise of the X-ray luminosity from dA stars to early dF stars. X-ray emission for the young, solar-like Pleiades stars is about two orders of magnitude more intense than for the nearby solar-like stars.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Najita J.R.', ' Tiede G.P.', ' Carr J.S.']\n",
"We investigate the low-mass population of the young cluster IC 348 down to the deuterium-burning limit, a fiducial boundary between brown dwarf and planetary mass objects, using a new and innovative method for the spectral classification of late-type objects. Using photometric indices, constructed from HST/NICMOS narrowband imaging, that measure the strength of the 1.9{mu}m water band, we determine the spectral type and reddening for every M-type star in the field, thereby separating cluster members from the interloper population. Due to the efficiency of our spectral classification technique, our study is complete from ~0.7 to 0.015M_{sun}_. The mass function derived for the cluster in this interval, dN/dlogM{prop.to}M^0.5^, is similar to that obtained for the Pleiades, but appears significantly more abundant in brown dwarfs than the mass function for companions to nearby Sunlike stars. This provides compelling observational evidence for different formation and evolutionary histories for substellar objects formed in isolation versus as companions. Because our determination of the IMF is complete to very low masses, we can place interesting constraints on the role of physical processes such as fragmentation in the star and planet formation process and the fraction of dark matter in the Galactic halo that resides in substellar objects.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Meibom S.', ' Mathieu R.D.', ' Stassun K.G.']\n",
"We present the results of a five month photometric time-series survey for stellar rotation over a 40'x40' field centered on the 150Myr open cluster M35 (=NGC 2168). We report rotation periods for 441 stars within this field and determine their cluster membership and binarity based on a decade-long radial velocity survey, proper-motion measurements, and multiband photometric observations. We find that 310 of the stars with measured rotation periods are late-type members of M35. The distribution of rotation periods for cluster members span more than 2 orders of magnitude from ~0.1 to 15 days, not constrained by the sampling frequency and the timespan of the survey. With an age between the zero-age main sequence and the Hyades, and with ~6 times more rotation periods than measured in the Pleiades, M35 permit detailed studies of early rotational evolution of late-type stars. Nearly 80% of the 310 rotators lie on two distinct sequences in the color-period plane, and define clear relations between stellar rotation period and color (mass). The M35 color-period diagram enables us to determine timescales for the transition between the two rotational states, of ~60Myr and ~140Myr for G and K dwarfs, respectively.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Cottaar M.', ' Covey K.R.', ' Meyer M.R.', ' Nidever D.L.', ' Stassun K.G.,Foster J.B.', ' Tan J.C.', ' Chojnowski S.D.', ' da Rio N.', ' Flaherty K.M.,Frinchaboy P.M.', ' Skrutskie M.', ' Majewski S.R.', ' Wilson J.C.', ' Zasowski G.']\n",
"Over two years, 8859 high-resolution H-band spectra of 3493 young (1-10Myr) stars were gathered by the multi-object spectrograph of the APOGEE project as part of the IN-SYNC ancillary program of the SDSS-III survey. Here we present the forward modeling approach used to derive effective temperatures, surface gravities, radial velocities, rotational velocities, and H-band veiling from these near-infrared spectra. We discuss in detail the statistical and systematic uncertainties in these stellar parameters. In addition, we present accurate extinctions by measuring the E(J-H) of these young stars with respect to the single-star photometric locus in the Pleiades. Finally, we identify an intrinsic stellar radius spread of about 25% for late-type stars in IC 348 using three (nearly) independent measures of stellar radius, namely, the extinction-corrected J-band magnitude, the surface gravity, and the Rsini from the rotational velocities and literature rotation periods. We exclude that this spread is caused by uncertainties in the stellar parameters by showing that the three estimators of stellar radius are correlated, so that brighter stars tend to have lower surface gravities and larger Rsini than fainter stars at the same effective temperature.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Meng H.Y.A.', ' Su K.Y.L.', ' Rieke G.H.', ' Rujopakarn W.', ' Myers G.', ' Cook M.,Erdelyi E.', ' Maloney C.', ' McMath J.', ' Persha G.', ' Poshyachinda S.,Reichart D.E.']\n",
"Luminous debris disks of warm dust in the terrestrial planet zones around solar-like stars were recently found to vary, which is indicative of ongoing large-scale collisions of rocky objects. We use Spitzer 3.6 and 4.5um time-series observations in 2012 and 2013 (extended to 2014 in one case) to monitor five more debris disks with unusually high fractional luminosities (\"extreme debris disk\"), including P1121 in the open cluster M47 (80 Myr), HD15407A in the AB Dor moving group (80Myr), HD 23514 in the Pleiades (120Myr), HD145263 in the Upper Sco Association (10Myr), and the field star BD+20 307 (>~1Gyr). Together with the published results for ID8 in NGC2547 (35Myr), this makes the first systematic time-domain investigation of planetary impacts outside the solar system. Significant variations with timescales shorter than a year are detected in five out of the six extreme debris disks we monitored. However, different systems show diverse sets of characteristics in the time domain, including long-term decay or growth, disk temperature variations, and possible periodicity.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Covey K.R.', ' Agueros M.A.', ' Law N.M.', ' Liu J.', ' Ahmadi A.', ' Laher R.,Levitan D.', ' Sesar B.', ' Surace J.']\n",
"Stellar rotation periods (P_rot_) measured in open clusters have proved to be extremely useful for studying stars' angular momentum content and rotationally driven magnetic activity, which are both age- and mass-dependent processes. While P_rot_ measurements have been obtained for hundreds of solar-mass members of the Pleiades, measurements exist for only a few low-mass (<0.5 M_{sun}_) members of this key laboratory for stellar evolution theory. To fill this gap, we report P_rot_ for 132 low-mass Pleiades members (including nearly 100 with M=<0.45 M_{sun}_), measured from photometric monitoring of the cluster conducted by the Palomar Transient Factory in late 2011 and early 2012. These periods extend the portrait of stellar rotation at 125 Myr to the lowest-mass stars and re-establish the Pleiades as a key benchmark for models of the transport and evolution of stellar angular momentum. Combining our new P_rot_ with precise BVIJHK photometry reported by Stauffer et al. (2007, J/ApJS/172/663) and Kamai et al. (2014, J/AJ/148/30), we investigate known anomalies in the photometric properties of K and M Pleiades members. We confirm the correlation detected by Kamai et al. between a star's P_rot_ and position relative to the main sequence in the cluster's color-magnitude diagram. We find that rapid rotators have redder (V-K) colors than slower rotators at the same V, indicating that rapid and slow rotators have different binary frequencies and/or photospheric properties. We find no difference in the photometric amplitudes of rapid and slow rotators, indicating that asymmetries in the longitudinal distribution of starspots do not scale grossly with rotation rate.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Rebull L.M.', ' Stauffer J.R.', ' Hillenbrand L.A.', ' Cody A.M.', ' Bouvier J.,Soderblom D.R.', ' Pinsonneault M.', ' Hebb L.']\n",
"We have Fourier-analyzed 941 K2 light curves (LCs) of likely members of Praesepe, measuring periods for 86% and increasing the number of rotation periods (P) by nearly a factor of four. The distribution of P versus (V-Ks), a mass proxy, has three different regimes: (V-Ks)<1.3, where the rotation rate rapidly slows as mass decreases; 1.3<(V-Ks)<4.5, where the rotation rate slows more gradually as mass decreases; and (V-Ks)>4.5, where the rotation rate rapidly increases as mass decreases. In this last regime, there is a bimodal distribution of periods, with few between ~2 and ~10 days. We interpret this to mean that once M stars start to slow down, they do so rapidly. The K2 period-color distribution in Praesepe (~790Myr) is much different than that in the Pleiades (~125Myr) for late F, G, K, and early-M stars; the overall distribution moves to longer periods and is better described by two line segments. For mid-M stars, the relationship has a similarly broad scatter and is steeper in Praesepe. The diversity of LCs and of periodogram types is similar in the two clusters; about a quarter of the periodic stars in both clusters have multiple significant periods. Multi- periodic stars dominate among the higher masses, starting at a bluer color in Praesepe ((V-Ks)~1.5) than in the Pleiades ((V-Ks)~2.6). In Praesepe, there are relatively more LCs that have two widely separated periods, {Delta}P>6days. Some of these could be examples of M star binaries where one star has spun down but the other has not.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Zhang Z.', ' Liu M.C.', ' Best W.M.J.', ' Magnier E.A.', ' Aller K.M.', ' Chambers K.C.,Draper P.W.', ' Flewelling H.', ' Hodapp K.W.', ' Kaiser N.', ' Kudritzki R.-P.,Metcalfe N.', ' Wainscoat R.J.', ' Waters C.']\n",
"We are conducting a proper-motion survey for young brown dwarfs in the Taurus-Auriga molecular cloud based on the Pan-STARRS1 3{pi} Survey. Our search uses multi-band photometry and astrometry to select candidates, and is wider (370deg^2^) and deeper (down to ~3M_Jup_) than previous searches. We present here our search methods and spectroscopic follow-up of our high-priority candidates. Since extinction complicates spectral classification, we have developed a new approach using low-resolution (R~100) near-infrared spectra to quantify reddening-free spectral types, extinctions, and gravity classifications for mid-M to late-L ultracool dwarfs (<=100-3M_Jup_ in Taurus). We have discovered 25 low-gravity (VL-G) and the first 11 intermediate-gravity (INT-G) substellar (M6-L1) members of Taurus, constituting the largest single increase of Taurus brown dwarfs to date. We have also discovered 1 new Pleiades member and 13 new members of the Perseus OB2 association, including a candidate very wide separation (58kau) binary. We homogeneously reclassify the spectral types and extinctions of all previously known Taurus brown dwarfs. Altogether our discoveries have thus far increased the substellar census in Taurus by ~40% and added three more L-type members (<~5-10M_Jup_). Most notably, our discoveries reveal an older (>10Myr) low-mass population in Taurus, in accord with recent studies of the higher-mass stellar members. The mass function appears to differ between the younger and older Taurus populations, possibly due to incompleteness of the older stellar members or different star formation processes.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Torres G.']\n",
"Radial velocities for the early-type stars in the Pleiades cluster have always been challenging to measure because of the significant rotational broadening of the spectral lines. The large scatter in published velocities has led to claims that many are spectroscopic binaries, and in several cases, preliminary orbital solutions have been proposed. To investigate these claims, we obtained and report here velocity measurements for 33 rapidly rotating B, A, and early F stars in the Pleiades region, improving significantly on the precision of the historical velocities for most objects. With one or two exceptions, we do not confirm any of the previous claims of variability, and we also rule out all four of the previously published orbital solutions, for HD 22637, HD 23302, HD 23338, and HD 23410. We do find HD 22637 to be a binary but with a different period (71.8d). HD 23338 is likely a binary as well, with a preliminary 8.7yr period also different from the one published. Additionally, we report a 3635d orbit for HD 24899, another new spectroscopic binary in the cluster. From the 32 bona fide members in our sample, we determine a mean radial velocity for the Pleiades of 5.79+/-0.24km/s, or 5.52+/-0.31km/s when objects with known visual companions are excluded. Adding these astrometric binaries to the new spectroscopic ones, we find a lower limit to the binary fraction among the B and A stars of 37%. In addition to the velocities, we measure vsini for all stars, ranging between 69 and 317km/s.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Gagne J.', ' David T.J.', ' Mamajek E.E.', ' Mann A.W.', ' Faherty J.K.', ' Bedard A.']\n",
"We present an analysis of the newly identified {mu}Tau Association (MUTA) of young stars at ~150pc from the Sun that is part of the large Cas-Tau structure, coeval and comoving with the {alpha}Persei cluster. This association is also located in the vicinity of the Taurus-Auriga star-forming region and the Pleiades association, although it is unrelated to them. We identify more than 500 candidate members of MUTA using Gaia DR2 data and the BANYAN {Sigma} tool, and we determine an age of 62{+/-}7Myr for its population based on an empirical comparison of its color-magnitude diagram sequence with those of other nearby young associations. The MUTA association is related to the Theia 160 group of Kounkel & Covey and corresponds to the e Tau group of Liu et al. It is also part of the Cas-Tau group of Blaauw. As part of this analysis, we introduce an iterative method based on spectral templates to perform an accurate correction of interstellar extinction of Gaia DR2 photometry, needed because of its wide photometric bandpasses. We show that the members of MUTA display an expected increased rate of stellar activity and faster rotation rates compared with older stars, and that literature measurements of the lithium equivalent width of nine G0- to K3-type members are consistent with our age determination. We show that the present- day mass function of MUTA is consistent with other known nearby young associations. We identify WD0340+103 as a hot, massive white dwarf remnant of a B2 member that left its planetary nebula phase only 270000yr ago, posing an independent age constraint of 60_-6_^+8^ Myr for MUTA, consistent with our isochrone age. This relatively large collection of comoving young stars near the Sun indicates that more work is required to unveil the full kinematic structure of the complex of young stars surrounding {alpha} Persei and Cas-Tau.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Brown T.M.', ' Garcia R.A.', ' Mathur S.', ' Metcalfe T.S.', ' Santos A.R.G.']\n",
"We analyze space-based time-series photometry of Sun-like stars, mostly in the Pleiades, but also field stars and the Sun itself. We focus on timescales between roughly 1hr and 1day. In the corresponding frequency band these stars display brightness fluctuations with a decreasing power-law continuous spectrum. K2 and Kepler observations show that the rms flicker due to this mid-frequency continuum (MFC) can reach almost 1%, approaching the modulation amplitude from active regions. The MFC amplitude varies by a factor up to 40 among Pleiades members with similar Teff, depending mainly on the stellar Rossby number Ro. For Ro<=0.04, the mean amplitude is roughly constant at about 0.4%; at larger Ro the amplitude decreases rapidly, shrinking by about two orders of magnitude for Ro~1. Among stars, the MFC amplitude correlates poorly with that of modulation from rotating active regions. Among field stars observed for 3yr by Kepler, the quarterly average modulation amplitudes from active regions are much more time variable than the quarterly MFC amplitudes. We argue that the process causing the MFC is largely magnetic in nature and that its power-law spectrum comes from magnetic processes distinct from the star's global dynamo, with shorter timescales. By analogy with solar phenomena, we hypothesize that the MFC arises from a (sometimes energetic) variant of the solar magnetic network, perhaps combined with rotation-related changes in the morphology of supergranules.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Torres G.', ' Latham D.W.', ' Quinn S.N.']\n",
"We present the results of a spectroscopic monitoring program of the Pleiades region aimed at completing the census of spectroscopic binaries in the cluster, extending it to longer periods than previously reachable. We gathered 6104 spectra of 377 stars between 1981 and 2021, and merged our radial velocities with 1151 measurements from an independent survey by others started three years earlier. With the combined data spanning more than 43yr, we have determined orbits for some 30 new binary and multiple systems, more than doubling the number previously known in the Pleiades. The longest period is 36.5yr. A dozen additional objects display long-term trends in their velocities, implying even longer periods. We examine the collection of orbital elements for cluster members, and find that the shape of the incompleteness-corrected distribution of periods (up to 104 days) is similar to that of solar-type binaries in the field, while that of the eccentricities is different. The mass-ratio distribution is consistent with being flat. The binary frequency in the Pleiades for periods up to 104 days is 25%+/-3% after corrections for undetected binaries, which is nearly double that of the field up to the same period. The total binary frequency including known astrometric binaries is at least 57%. We estimate the internal radial velocity dispersion in the cluster to be 0.48+/-0.04km/s. We revisit the determination of the tidal circularization period, and confirm its value to be 7.2+/-1.0d, with an improved precision compared to an earlier estimate.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Heyl J.', ' Caiazzo I.', ' Richer H.B.']\n",
"We search through an eight million cubic parsec volume surrounding the Pleiades star cluster and the Sun to identify both the current and past members of the Pleiades cluster within the Gaia EDR3 data set. We find nearly 1300 current cluster members and 289 former cluster candidates. Many of these candidates lie well in front of or behind the cluster from our point of view, so formerly they were considered cluster members, but their parallaxes put them more than 10pc from the center of the cluster today. Over the past 100Myr we estimate that the cluster has lost twenty percent of its mass including two massive white dwarf stars and the {alpha}^2^ Canum Venaticorum type variable star, 41 Tau. All three white dwarfs associated with the cluster are massive (1.01-1.06M _{sun}_) and have progenitors with main-sequence masses of about six solar masses. Although we did not associate any giant stars with the cluster, the cooling time of the oldest white dwarf of 60Myr gives a firm lower limit on the age of the cluster.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Micela G.', ' Sciortino S.', ' Kashyap V.', ' Harnden F.R.', ' Rosner R.']\n",
"Of 214 stars in the core of the Pleiades, 99 were detected in X-rays with the ROSAT PSPC. This catalog lists the characteristics of the stars taken from the literature, in table1.dat and the rotational and X-ray characteristics in table5.dat. Introduction: The nucleus of the composite catalog used in this study is the catalog compiled from the published literature for the Einstein investigations of the Pleiades (Micela et al. 1990). This list has been extended by the results of recent surveys to a completeness limit of visual magnitude about 18.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Stauffer J.R.', ' Hartmann L.W.', ' Fazio G.G.', ' Allen L.E.', ' Patten B.M.,Lowrance P.J.', ' Hurt R.L.', ' Rebull L.M.', ' Cutri R.M.', ' Ramirez S.V.,Young E.T.', ' Rieke G.H.', ' Gorlova N.I.', ' Muzerolle J.C.', ' Slesnick C.L.,Skrutskie M.F.']\n",
"We make use of new near- and mid-IR photometry of the Pleiades cluster in order to help identify proposed cluster members. We also use the new photometry with previously published photometry to define the single-star main-sequence locus at the age of the Pleiades in a variety of color-magnitude planes. The new near- and mid-IR photometry extend effectively 2 mag deeper than the 2MASS All-Sky Point Source catalog, and hence allow us to select a new set of candidate very low-mass and substellar mass members of the Pleiades in the central square degree of the cluster. We identify 42 new candidate members fainter than K_s_=14 (corresponding to 0.1M_{sun}_). These candidate members should eventually allow a better estimate of the cluster mass function to be made down to of order 0.04M_{sun}_. We also use new IRAC data, in particular the images obtained at 8um, in order to comment briefly on interstellar dust in and near the Pleiades.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Kim B.', ' An D.', ' Stauffer J.R.', ' Lee Y.S.', ' Terndrup D.M.', ' Johnson J.A.']\n",
"The tension between the Hipparcos parallax of the Pleiades and other independent distance estimates continues even after the new reduction of the Hipparcos astrometric data and the development of a new geometric distance measurement for the cluster. A short Pleiades distance from the Hipparcos parallax predicts a number of stars in the solar neighborhood that are sub-luminous at a given photospheric abundance. We test this hypothesis using the spectroscopic abundances for a subset of stars in the Hipparcos catalog, which occupy the same region as the Pleiades in the color-magnitude diagram. We derive stellar parameters for 170 nearby G- and K-type field dwarfs in the Hipparcos catalog based on high-resolution spectra obtained using KPNO 4m echelle spectrograph. Our analysis shows that, when the Hipparcos parallaxes are adopted, most of our sample stars follow empirical color-magnitude relations. A small fraction of stars are too faint compared to main-sequence fitting relations by {Delta}M_V_>~0.3mag, but the differences are marginal at a 2{sigma} level, partly due to relatively large parallax errors. On the other hand, we find that the photometric distances of stars showing signatures of youth as determined from lithium absorption line strengths and R'_HK_ chromospheric activity indices are consistent with the Hipparcos parallaxes. Our result is contradictory to a suggestion that the Pleiades distance from main-sequence fitting is significantly altered by stellar activity and/or the young age of its stars, and provides an additional supporting evidence for the long-distance scale of the Pleiades.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Walker A.R.', ' Laney C.D.']\n",
"A colour magnitude diagram to V=20 is given for 395 stars in the heavily reddened open cluster NGC 6649. The absorption-corrected distance modulus is 11.00+/-0.15mag (1585+/-110pc) assuming R(OB)=3.27+/-0.10 for NGC 6649 and based on a ZAMS with zero point referenced to a Pleiades distance modulus of 5.56mag. The range of reddening over the 5arcmin diameter of the cluster is {DELTA}E(B-V)=0.3mag. NGC 6649 contains the double mode Cepheid V367 Sct, which has =-3.80+/-0.06 and -=0.58+/-0.02.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Pinfield D.J.', ' Hodgkin S.T.', ' Jameson R.F.', ' Cossburn M.R.', ' Hambly N.C.,Devereux N.']\n",
"We present the results of a six-square-degree Pleiades survey in I and Z, which is photometrically complete to approximately I_KP_=19.2mag (I_C_=19.6 in the Pleiades). We remove non-cluster contamination on the basis of proper motions and infrared photometry, and present 339 candidate cluster members, 30 of which are fainter than I_KP_=17.5, and are thus strong brown-dwarf candidates.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Naylor T.', ' Totten E.J.', ' Jeffries R.D.', ' Pozzo M.', ' Devey C.R.', ' Thompson S.A.']\n",
"We have developed the techniques required to use Naylor's optimal photometry algorithm of to create colour-magnitude diagrams with well-defined completeness functions. To achieve this we first demonstrate that the optimal extraction is insensitive to uncertainties in the measured position of the star. We then show how to correct the optimally extracted fluxes such that they correspond to those measured in a large aperture, so aperture photometry of standard stars can be used to place the measurements on a standard system. The technique simultaneously removes the effects of a position-dependent point spread function. Finally, we develop a method called 'ghosting', which calculates the completeness corrections in the absence of an accurate description of the point spread function. We apply these techniques to the young cluster NGC 2547 (=C0809-491), and use an X-ray-selected sample to find an age of 20-35Myr and an intrinsic distance modulus of 8.00-8.15mag. We use these isochrones to select members from our photometric surveys. Our derived luminosity function shows a well-defined Wielen dip, making NGC 2547 the youngest cluster in which such a feature has been observed. Our derived mass function spans the range 0.1-6M_{sun}_ and is similar to that for the field and the older, more massive clusters M35 and the Pleiades, supporting the idea of a universal initial mass function.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Pinfield D.J.', ' Dobbie P.D.', ' Jameson R.F.', ' Steele I.A.', ' Jones H.R.A.,Katsiyannis A.C.']\n",
"We present near-infrared J-, H- and K-band photometry and optical spectroscopy of low-mass star and brown dwarf (BD) candidates in the Pleiades and Praesepe open clusters. We flag non-members from their position in K, I-K and J, J-K colour-magnitude diagrams (CMDs), and J-H, H-K two-colour diagrams.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Hartman J.D.', ' Bakos G.A.', ' Kovacs G.', ' Noyes R.W.']\n",
"Using data from the Hungarian-made Automated Telescope Network (HATNet) survey for transiting exoplanets, we measure photometric rotation periods for 368 Pleiades stars with 0.4~0.25M_{sun}_) stars. Models incorporating magnetic inhibition of convection predict an overradius, but do not reproduce this mass dependence unless superequipartition surface magnetic fields are present at lower masses. Models incorporating flux blocking by starspots can explain the mass dependence but there is no evidence that spot coverage diminishes between the Pleiades and Praesepe samples to accompany the decline in overradius. The fastest rotating stars in both Praesepe and the Pleiades are significantly smaller than the slowest rotators for which a projected radius can be measured. This may be a selection effect caused by more efficient angular momentum loss in larger stars leading to their progressive exclusion from the analysed samples. Our analyses assume random spin-axis orientations; any alignment in Praesepe, as suggested by Kovacs, is strongly disfavoured by the broad distribution of projected radii.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Gillen E.', ' Briegal J.T.', ' Hodgkin S.T.', ' Foreman-Mackey D.', ' Van Leeuwen F.,Jackman J.A.G.', ' McCormac J.', ' West R.G.', ' Queloz D.', ' Bayliss D.', ' Goad M.R.,Watson C.A.', ' Wheatley P.J.', ' Belardi C.', ' Burleigh M.R.', ' Casewell S.L.,Jenkins J.S.', ' Raynard L.', ' Smith A.M.S.', ' Tilbrook R.H.', ' Vines J.I.']\n",
"We determine rotation periods for 127 stars in the ~115-Myr-old Blanco 1 open cluster using ~200d of photometric monitoring with the Next Generation Transit Survey. These stars span F5-M3 spectral types (1.2M_{sun}_>~M>~0.3M_{sun}_) and increase the number of known rotation periods in Blanco 1 by a factor of four. We determine rotation periods using three methods: Gaussian process (GP) regression, generalized autocorrelation function (G-ACF), and Lomb-Scargle (LS) periodogram, and find that the GP and G-ACF methods are more applicable to evolving spot modulation patterns. Between mid-F and mid-K spectral types, single stars follow a well-defined rotation sequence from ~2 to 10d, whereas stars in photometric multiple systems typically rotate faster. This may suggest that the presence of a moderate-to-high mass ratio companion inhibits angular momentum loss mechanisms during the early pre-main sequence, and this signature has not been erased at ~100Myr. The majority of mid-F to mid-K stars display evolving modulation patterns, whereas most M stars show stable modulation signals. This morphological change coincides with the shift from a well-defined rotation sequence (mid-F to mid-K stars) to a broad rotation period distribution (late-K and M stars). Finally, we compare our rotation results for Blanco 1 to the similarly aged Pleiades: the single-star populations in both clusters possess consistent rotation period distributions, which suggests that the angular momentum evolution of stars follows a well-defined pathway that is, at least for mid-F to mid-K stars, strongly imprinted by ~100Myr.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Makarov V.V.']\n",
"Accurate parallaxes from Gaia DR1 (TGAS) are combined with GALEX visual Nuv magnitudes to produce absolute MNUV magnitudes and an ultraviolet HR diagram for a large sample of astrometric stars. A functional fit is derived of the lower envelope main sequence of the nearest 1403 stars (distance <40pc), which should be reddening-free. Using this empirical fit, 50 nearby stars are selected with significant Nuv excess. These are predominantly late K and early M dwarfs, often associated with X-ray sources, and showing other manifestations of magnetic activity. The sample may include systems with hidden white dwarfs, stars younger than the Pleiades, or, most likely, tight interacting binaries of the BY Dra-type. A separate collection of 40 stars with precise trigonometric parallaxes and Nuv-G colors bluer than 2mag is presented. It includes several known novae, white dwarfs, and binaries with hot subdwarf (sdOB) components, but most remain unexplored.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Bohigas J.']\n",
"Selecting the best quality data, I find that nearly all 0.5 to 1.2M_{sun}_ main sequence stars converge to a single rotational mass dependent sequence after 750Myr; when the mass is larger than 0.8M_{sun}_, most of them converge in ~120Myr. If stars rotate as rigid bodies, the angular momentum of the vast majority is within clearly outlined bounds. The lower boundary defines a terminal main sequence rotational isochrone, the upper one coincides with slow rotators from the Pleiades and stars from Praesepe delineate a third one. Mass dependent exponential relationships between angular momentum and age are determined from these isochrones. Age estimates based on the angular momentum, are acceptable in middle aged stars older than 750Myr and more massive than 0.6-0.7M_{sun}_. The evolution of the Rossby number indicates that the Parker dynamo may cease early on in stars where M/M_{sun}_>=1.1. An empirical formula for the torque, an idealized model for it and a relation between rotational period and magnetic field, lead to a formula for the evolution of the mass loss rate, predicting that the present solar rate is close to a minimum and that it was around five times more vigorous when life on Earth started.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Konishi M.', ' Matsuo T.', ' Yamamoto K.', ' Samland M.', ' Sudo J.', ' Shibai H.,Itoh Y.', ' Fukagawa M.', ' Sumi T.', ' Kudo T.', ' Hashimoto J.', ' Kuzuhara M.,Kusakabe N.', ' Abe L.', ' Akiyama E.', ' Brandner W.', ' Brandt T.D.', ' Carson J.C.,Feldt M.', ' Goto M.', ' Grady C.A.', ' Guyon O.', ' Hayano Y.', ' Hayashi M.,Hayashi S.S.', ' Henning T.', ' Hodapp K.W.', ' Ishii M.', ' Iye M.', ' Janson M.,Kandori R.', ' Knapp G.R.', ' Kwon J.', ' McElwain M.W.', ' Mede K.', ' Miyama S.,Morino J.-I.', ' Moro-Martin A.', ' Ishimura T.', ' Oh D.', ' Pyo T.-S.', ' Serabyn E.,Schlieder J.E.', ' Suenaga T.', ' Suto H.', ' Suzuki R.', ' Takahashi Y.H.', ' Takami M.,Takato N.', ' Terada H.', ' Thalmann C.', ' Turner E.L.', ' Watanabe M.,Wisniewski J.P.', ' Yamada T.', ' Takami H.', ' Usuda T.', ' Tamura M.']\n",
"We find a new substellar companion to the Pleiades member star, Pleiades HII 3441, using the Subaru telescope with adaptive optics. The discovery is made as part of the high-contrast imaging survey to search for planetary-mass and substellar companions in the Pleiades and young moving groups. The companion has a projected separation of 0.49+/-0.02 (66+/-2au) and a mass of 68+/-5MJ based on three observations in the J-, H-, and Ks-bands. The spectral type is estimated to be M7 (~2700K), and thus no methane absorption is detected in the H band. Our Pleiades observations result in the detection of two substellar companions including one previously reported among 20 observed Pleiades stars, and indicate that the fraction of substellar companions in the Pleiades is about 10.0^+26.1^_-8.8_%. This is consistent with multiplicity studies of both the Pleiades stars and other open clusters.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Prosser C.F.', ' Grankin K.N.']\n",
"We present the results from a photometric monitoring program of primarily solar-type open cluster stars obtained during 1994 and 1995. Several members of the {alpha} Persei cluster have been monitored and the corresponding relation between coronal x-ray activity and rotation period derived. The relation among mid-G/K type members illustrates both the previously noticed downturn in L_X_/L_bol_ at high rotation rates and the sharp decrease in coronal activity at long rotation periods as seen among Pleiades stars. Intensive observation of one slowly rotating G-type member of IC 4665 has enabled a period determination of 8-10 days to be made and illustrates the need for (and limitations of) high quality observations.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Prosser C.F.']\n",
"This catalog contains the tabulated results of a combined astrometric, photometric, and spectroscopic search for low-mass members in the intermediate-age open cluster Alpha Persei. It contains information on 132 new members and likely members, and 16 uncertain members of Alpha Per. The new membership information suggested to the author a revised age of the cluster to approximately 8x10+7yr. Tabulated data include AP number, VBI photometry, 1950 coordinates, relative proper motions with errors, H-alpha equivalent widths, and spectral type. Included are the individual membership determinations, based on H-alpha emission, spectral type, and echelle spectra data. The photometric data were obtained with the Lick Obs. 1-m Nickel Telescope using a TI 500x500 pixel CCD in B, V, and I bands. Low dispersion CCD spectra centered on H-alpha for candidates whose V-I photometry indicated likely membership using the Lick 1-m Nickel and 3-m Shane telescopes. High-dispersion echelle spectra were obtained for many bright candidates using the Hamilton echelle spectrographic with the Shane and Coude auxiliary telescopes. Introduction: van den Bergh & Sher (1960) found from studying several open clusters that in general the faint end of the cluster luminosity function decreased or remained constant down to the level of observation. If true, the observed cluster luminosity functions are unable to account for the luminosity function of nearby field stars which increases to faint magnitudes. One possible solution is that additional unidentified low-mass stars exist in most (or all) open clusters. Recent studies in the Hyades (Weis & Hanson 1988AJ.....96..148W, Griffin et al. 1988AJ.....96..172G, Stauffer 1982AJ.....87..899S), Pleiades (Stauffer et al. 1991AJ....101..980S, Prosser et al. 1991AJ....101.1361P), and Praesepe (Mermilliod et al. 1990A&A...235..114M, Jones & Stauffer 1991AJ....102.1080J) have identified faint candidate members. It is the aim of this study to determine the existence, and some of the properties, of the low-mass membership in the open cluster Alpha Persei. Alpha Per was chosen for study because of the limited information on low-mass membership, because it is nearby (which enables both proper motion analysis and observation of low-mass candidates), because no other clusters of the same relatively youthful age have been studied completely, and because of the existence of the photographic plate material needed for the proper motion analysis. After a brief review of the history and previous work in this cluster, the proper motion survey of this study is described. This is accompanied by a description of the CCD photometry and spectroscopy programs employed to aid in identifying cluster members. A review of current information on previous members and possible members is also given, followed by a section presenting the new members and candidate members found in this study. An analysis of some cluster properties including luminosity function, age, spatial distribution of members, reddening, H-alpha emission strengths, and rotational velocity distribution is presented. Finally, the last section provides a general review of the results found in Alpha Per.\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Pillitteri et al.']\n",
"This table contains the results from a deep X-ray survey of the young (~ 140 Myr), rich open cluster NGC 2516 obtained with the EPIC camera on board the XMM-Newton satellite. By combining the data from six observations, a high sensitivity, greater than a factor of 5 with respect to recent Chandra observations, has been achieved. Kaplan-Meier estimators of the cumulative X-ray luminosity distribution, statistically corrected for non-member contaminants, were built by the authors and compared to those of the nearly coeval Pleiades cluster. 431 X-ray sources were detected, and 234 of them have as optical counterparts cluster stars spanning the entire NGC 2516 main sequence. On the basis of X-ray emission and optical photometry, 20 new candidate members of the cluster have been identified; at the same time there are 49 X-ray sources without known optical or infrared counterpart. The X-ray luminosities of cluster stars span the range log L<sub>x</sub> (erg s<sup>-1</sup>) = 28.4 - 30.8. The representative coronal temperatures span the 0.3 - 0.6 keV (3.5 - 8 MK) range for the cool component and 1.0 - 2.0 keV (12 - 23 MK) for the hot one; similar values were found in other young open clusters like the Pleiades, IC 2391, and Blanco 1. While no significant differences were found in their X-ray spectra, NGC 2516 solar-type stars are definitely less luminous in X-rays than their nearly coeval Pleiades counterparts. The comparison with a previous ROSAT survey reveals the lack of variability amplitudes larger than a factor of 2 in solar-type cluster stars in a ~ 11 yr time scale, and thus activity cycles like in the Sun are probably absent or have a different period and amplitude in young stars. NGC 2516 has been observed several times with XMM-Newton during the first two years of satellite operations for calibration purposes. The observations used in this analysis span a period of 19 months with exposure times between 10 and 20 ks. All of these observations have been performed with the thick filter. In the combined EPIC datasets the authors detected 431 X-ray sources with a significance level greater than 5.0 sigma, which should lead statistically to at most one spurious source in the field of view. This table was created by the HEASARC in May 2007 based on <a href=\"https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/ftp/cats/J/A+A/450/993\">CDS catalog J/A+A/450/993</a> files tablea1.dat and tableb1.dat. This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Jeffries et al.']\n",
"This table contains a list of point sources detected by XMM-Newton EPIC in a pointing towards the young open cluster NGC 2547, made in order to allow the authors to characterize coronal activity in solar-type stars, and stars of lower mass, at an age of 30 Myr. X-ray emission was seen from stars at all spectral types, peaking among G stars at luminosities (0.3 - 3 keV) of L<sub>x</sub> ~= 10<sup>30.5</sup> erg/s and declining to L<sub>x</sub> <= 10<sup>29</sup> erg/s among M stars with masses >=0.2 solar masses. Coronal spectra show evidence for multi-temperature differential emission measures and low coronal metal abundances of Z~= 0.3. Most of the solar-type stars in NGC 2547 exhibit saturated or even supersaturated X-ray activity levels. The median levels of L<sub>x</sub> and L<sub>x</sub>/L<sub>bol</sub> in the solar-type stars of NGC 2547 are very similar to those in T-Tauri stars of the Orion Nebula cluster (ONC), but an order of magnitude higher than in the older Pleiades. The spread in X-ray activity levels among solar-type stars in NGC 2547 is much smaller than in older or younger clusters. This table contains the properties of those X-ray sources which are correlated with optical cluster members (see Section 2.2 of the reference paper for details on the correlation procedure that was adopted), as well as the properties of those X-ray sources which are uncorrelated with any optical cluster members. The table lists the cross-identifications with optical catalogs for the candidate cluster sources along with their X-ray luminosities and X-ray to bolometric flux ratios, as well as the correlations between cluster members which were detected by XMM-Newton and those detected 7 years earlier by the ROSAT HRI instrument, along with the X-ray luminosities and flux ratios as determined by the HRI. This table was created by the HEASARC in February 2007 based on <a href=\"https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/ftp/cats/J/MNRAS/367/781\">CDS Catalog J/MNRAS/367/781</a> files table1.dat, table2.dat, table3.dat and table7.dat. This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Giardino et al.']\n",
"This table provides a list of X-ray sources detected in a ~140 ks Chandra X-ray observation of the open cluster NGC 752. For the sources with 2MASS counterparts, the values of their magnitudes in the J, H and K bands are also given. Very little is known about the evolution of stellar activity between the ages of the Hyades (0.8 Gyr) and the Sun (4.6 Gyr). To gain information on the typical level of coronal activity at a star's intermediate age, the authors have studied the X-ray emission from stars in the 1.9 Gyr-old open cluster NGC 752. They analyzed a ~ 140 ks Chandra observation of NGC 752 and a ~50 ks XMM-Newton observation of the same cluster. They detected 262 X-ray sources in the Chandra data and 145 sources in the XMM-Newton observation. Around 90% of the catalogued cluster members within Chandra's field of view are detected in the X-ray observation. The X-ray luminosity of all observed cluster members (28 stars) and of 11 cluster member candidates was derived. These data indicate that, at an age of 1.9 Gyr, the typical X-ray luminosity L<sub>x</sub> of the cluster members with masses of 0.8 to 1.2 solar masses is 1.3 x 10<sup>28</sup> erg s<sup>-1</sup>, which is approximately a factor of 6 times less intense than that observed in the younger Hyades. Given that L<sub>x</sub> is proportional to the square of a star's rotational rate, the median L<sub>x</sub> of NGC 752 is consistent, for t >= 1 Gyr, with a decaying rate in rotational velocities v<sub>rot</sub> ~ t<sup>-alpha</sup> with alpha ~ 0.75, steeper than the Skumanich relation (alpha ~ 0.5) and significantly steeper than that observed between the Pleiades and the Hyades (where alpha <0.3), suggesting that a change in the rotational regimes of the stellar interiors is taking place at an age of ~ 1 Gyr. The 135 ks observation of NGC 752 was performed by the Chandra ACIS camera on September 29, 2003 starting at 21:11:59 UT. The X-ray source detection was performed on the event list using the Wavelet Transform detection algorithm developed at Palermo Astronomical Observatory PWDETECT, available at <a href=\"http://oapa.astropa.unipa.it/progetti_ricerca/PWDetect\">http://oapa.astropa.unipa.it/progetti_ricerca/PWDetect</a>. Initially, the energy range 0.2 - 10 keV was selected and the threshold for source detection was taken as to ensure a maximum of 1-2 spurious sources per field. 169 sources were detected in this way. The analysis of these sources hardness ratios showed, however, that all the catalogued stars in the field had low hardness ratios, HR < ~ 0.2, where HR is the number of photons in the 2 - 8 keV band over the number in the 0.5 - 2 keV band. Thus, to maximize the detection of stellar sources, PWDETECT was applied to the event list in the energy range from 0.5 - 2 keV. Using a detection threshold which ensures less than 1 spurious source per field leads to the detection of 188 sources, while lowering this threshold to 10 spurious sources per field, allows 262 sources to be identified in this energy range. This is a significant increase (well above the number expected if all the additional sources were spurious), thus the authors retained this list of 262 sources as their final list of sources in the NGC 752 field, with the caveat that ~ 10 sources among them are likely spurious. Note that the existence of ~ 10 spurious sources in the list is not so much of a problem in this context, because cluster members or candidate members are identified by the existence of a visible or near-IR counterpart. The authors searched for 2MASS counterparts to the X-ray sources using the 2MASS Point Source Catalogue (PSC) and a search radius of 3 arcsec and found a counterpart for 43 sources. Searching within the Point Source Reject Table of the 2MASS Extended Mission leads to the further identification of 1 counterpart (source number 87). This table was created by the HEASARC in October 2008 based on the electronic version of Table 6 from the reference paper which was obtained from the CDS website, i.e., their catalog J/A+A/490/113 file table6.dat. This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Giardino et al.']\n",
"This table provides a list of X-ray sources detected in a ~50 ks XMM-Newton X-ray observation of the open cluster NGC 752. For the sources with 2MASS counterparts, the values of their magnitudes in the J, H and K bands are also given. Additionally, for the sources with a Chandra counterpart (within a search radius of 5 arcsec), the values of their Chandra source number (as given in the related Browse table NGC752CXO) are also given. Very little is known about the evolution of stellar activity between the ages of the Hyades (0.8 Gyr) and the Sun (4.6 Gyr). To gain information on the typical level of coronal activity at a star's intermediate age, the authors have studied the X-ray emission from stars in the 1.9 Gyr-old open cluster NGC 752. They analyzed a ~ 140 ks Chandra observation of NGC 752 and a ~50 ks XMM-Newton observation of the same cluster. They detected 262 X-ray sources in the Chandra data and 145 sources in the XMM-Newton observation. Around 90% of the catalogued cluster members within Chandra's field of view are detected in the X-ray observation. The X-ray luminosity of all observed cluster members (28 stars) and of 11 cluster member candidates was derived. These data indicate that, at an age of 1.9 Gyr, the typical X-ray luminosity L<sub>x</sub> of the cluster members with masses of 0.8 to 1.2 solar masses is 1.3 x 10<sup>28</sup> erg s<sup>-1</sup>, which is approximately a factor of 6 times less intense than that observed in the younger Hyades. Given that L<sub>x</sub> is proportional to the square of a star's rotational rate, the median L<sub>x</sub> of NGC 752 is consistent, for t >= 1 Gyr, with a decaying rate in rotational velocities v<sub>rot</sub> ~ t<sup>-alpha</sup> with alpha ~ 0.75, steeper than the Skumanich relation (alpha ~ 0.5) and significantly steeper than that observed between the Pleiades and the Hyades (where alpha <0.3), suggesting that a change in the rotational regimes of the stellar interiors is taking place at an age of ~ 1 Gyr. NGC 752 was observed for 49 ks by the XMM-Newton EPIC camera on February 5, 2003 starting at 23:29:25 UT, and the nominal pointing was towards J2000.0 RA and Declination of (01:57:38, +37:47:60), thus the XMM-Newton field-of-view (FOV) includes the Chandra FOV. For the source detection, the authors used the PWXDETECT code developed at Palermo Observatory and derived from the analogous Chandra PWDETECT code based on wavelet transform analysis. This allows the three EPIC exposures (PN, MOS1 and MOS2) to be combined in order to gain a deeper sensitivity with respect to the source detection based on single images. There were 145 point sources detected in the energy band 0.5 - 2.0 keV. An extended source (not listed in this present table), very likely a galaxy cluster, is also visible in the EPIC data. The authors searched for 2MASS counterparts to the XMM-Newton sources using a search radius of 5 arcsec and found a counterpart for 38 sources. As for the Chandra data, all sources with a visible counterpart from DLM94 have also a 2MASS counterpart, so this leaves 15 XMM-Newton sources with a 2MASS counterpart and no counterpart in Daniel et al. (1994, PASP, 106, 281); of these, 3 were also detected by Chandra; of the other 12, 10 are outside the Chandra FOV, while two are within it (XMM-Newton sources 58 and 65). Source 65 was caught by XMM-Newton during the decay phase of a flare, which explains why it is not detected in the Chandra data. For source 58 there is no immediate explanation for this, since the light curve does not show evidence of a flare. No additional near-IR counterpart to the XMM-Newton sources was found within the Point Source Reject Table of the 2MASS Extended Mission. This table was created by the HEASARC in October 2008 based on the electronic version of Table 7 from the reference paper which was obtained from the CDS website, i.e., their catalog J/A+A/490/113 file table7.dat. This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .\n",
" *** \n",
"\n",
"['Micela et al.']\n",
"This catalog contains the results of a deep X-ray survey of the core region of the Pleiades open cluster carried out with ROSAT. In a single PSPC field (~1 degree in radius), 99 of 214 Pleiades stars are detected in X-rays, and upper limits are computed for the remainder. This catalog lists the characteristics of these stars taken from the literature, including their rotational data, as well as their X-ray characteristics. The nucleus of the composite catalog used in this study is the catalog compiled from the published literature for the Einstein investigations of the Pleiades (Micela et al. 1990, ApJ, 348, 557). This list has been extended by the results of recent surveys to a completeness limit of visual magnitude of about 18. This database was created at the HEASARC in April 2002 based on the ADC/<a href=\"https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/ftp/cats/J/ApJS/102/75\">CDS Catalog J/ApJS/102/75</a> and is derived from Tables 1 and 5 of the published paper. This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"# To read the descriptions of the resulting matches:\n",
"\n",
"for i in uniq_ind:\n",
" print(\" *** \\n\")\n",
" print(tap_services[i].creators)\n",
" print(tap_services[i].res_description)\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "3a47b730",
"metadata": {
"tags": [
"output_scroll"
]
},
"source": [
" RESULT: Based on these, the second one (by Eichhorn et al) looks like a good start. \n",
"\n",
"### At this point, you can proceed to Step 2\n",
"\n",
"-- OR --\n",
"\n",
"### Try a different data discovery method"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "ffaf7e11",
"metadata": {
"tags": [
"output_scroll"
]
},
"source": [
"### Alternative Method: Use ADS to search for appropriate paper and access data via NED\n",
"\n",
"There are multiple paths for the data discovery. So it may also be that you know the paper that has the data you are interested in and want to access via the bibcode or authors, etc.\n",
"\n",
"In this case, let's assume that we have the information that the Eichhorn+1970 paper has the data that we need to create the H-R diagram: \n",
"\n",
"We can either search by bibcode (1970MmRAS..73..125E) or \"Eichhorn\" to get the access_urls that will allow us to work with the data.\n",
"\n",
"Before this step, if may help to see the names of the fields available to use. Notice the following fields:\n",
"\n",
"\"source_value\" contains the bibcode information that we want; \"creator_seq\" lists the authors;\n",
"\n",
"and\n",
"\n",
"\"access_url\" provides the url from where the data can be accessed."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 9,
"id": "f68f5db8",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"('ivoid', 'res_type', 'short_name', 'res_title', 'content_level', 'res_description', 'reference_url', 'creator_seq', 'created', 'updated', 'rights', 'content_type', 'source_format', 'source_value', 'region_of_regard', 'waveband', 'access_urls', 'standard_ids', 'intf_types', 'intf_roles', 'cap_descriptions')\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"## You already have this from above:\n",
"# tap_services = registry.search(servicetype='tap', keywords=['star pleiades'],\n",
"# ucd = ['phot.mag%'], includeaux=True)\n",
"print(tap_services.fieldnames)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "c6aa2078",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"First, Try using bibcode:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 10,
"id": "eb3c63f3",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"I/90, 1970MmRAS..73..125E, http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"bibcode = '1970MmRAS..73..125E' # Eichhorn\n",
"idx=-1\n",
"for s in tap_services:\n",
" idx+=1\n",
" if bibcode in s['source_value']:\n",
" myidx=idx\n",
" print(f\"{s.short_name}, {s.source_value}, {s.access_url}\")\n",
" break\n",
"# Note that using the to_table() lets you search the result\n",
"# easily using all columns. But in the end, you want to get\n",
"# back not an astropy table row, which you cannot use, but the\n",
"# original RegistryResult that has the callable TAP service.\n",
"myTAP=tap_services[myidx]"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "75ecb0eb",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Note that the URL is a generic TAP url for Vizier. All of its tables can be accessed by that same TAP services. It'll be in the ADQL query itself that you specify the table name. We'll see this below."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "bd3184f0",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Next, try using Author name:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 11,
"id": "7c94332d",
"metadata": {
"tags": [
"output_scroll"
]
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"For I/90: \n",
" Access URL: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
" Reference URL: https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/I/90\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"author = 'Eichhorn'\n",
"\n",
"for record in tap_services:\n",
" names=record.creators\n",
" if 'Eichhorn' in names[0]:\n",
" print(\"For %s: \" %record.short_name)\n",
" print(\" Access URL: %s\" %record['access_urls'][0])\n",
" print(\" Reference URL: %s\" %record.reference_url)\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "dcc050ab",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"In the code above, the record is a Registry Resource. You can access the attribute, \"creators\", from the resource, which is relevant for our example here since this is a direct way to get the author names. The other attributes, \"access_url\" and \"reference_url\", provides two types of URLs. The former can be used to access the service resource (as described above) and the latter points to a human-readable document describing this resource.\n",
"\n",
"If you click on the Reference URL links, you can find the abstract, Readme file, Vizier table, and much more information associated with this catalog.\n",
"\n",
"Additional information about PyVO Registry Resource and its attributes is available from this page.\n",
"\n",
"
***
"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "cf8abb23",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"These examples provide a few ways to access the information of interest.\n",
"\n",
"Below are a few other ways to see what the tap_service table contains.\n",
"\n",
"1. To view the column information: tap_services.to_table().columns() shows the metadata contained in the tap service. We will reference some of this columns below as we try to find the appropriate table.\n",
"\n",
"2. tap_services[index].describe(): The table with the tap_services output has, in our case, 83 tables listed and each includes metadata containing some human readable description. You can get the description for one case or for all the records by iterating through the resource. In the former case, we show the description for the Eichhorn data, whose index is uniq_ind[1]. The latter case also follows."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 12,
"id": "eefa3adc",
"metadata": {
"tags": [
"output_scroll"
]
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"print( tap_services.to_table().columns )"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 13,
"id": "3b96f284",
"metadata": {
"tags": [
"output_scroll"
]
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Positions of 502 Stars in Pleiades Region\n",
"Short Name: I/90\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/i/90\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"The catalog contains the positions (equinox B1900.0 and epoch B1955.0) of 502\n",
"stars in a region of about 1.5 degrees square in the Pleiades cluster,\n",
"centered on Eta Tau. These coordinates have been derived from measurements of\n",
"stellar images obtained with 65 exposures of various durations on 14\n",
"photographic plates with two telescopes at McCormick Observatory and Van Vleck\n",
"Observatory. The plates were reduced by the plate overlap method, which\n",
"resulted in a high degree of systematic accuracy in the final positions. Data\n",
"in the machine version include Hertzsprung number, color index, photovisual\n",
"magnitude, right ascension and declination and their standard errors, proper\n",
"motion, and differences between the present position and previous works. Data\n",
"for exposures, plates, and images measured, present in the published catalog,\n",
"are not included in the machine version.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"tap_services[uniq_ind[1]].describe() # For Eichhorm+1970 example."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 14,
"id": "1a5003e3",
"metadata": {
"tags": [
"output_scroll"
]
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"US Naval Observatory Pleiades Catalog\n",
"Short Name: I/163\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/i/163\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"This catalog is a special subset of the Eichhorn et al. (1970) Pleiades\n",
"catalog (see ) updated to B1950.0 positions and with proper motions\n",
"added. It was prepared for the purpose of predicting occultations of Pleiades\n",
"stars by the Moon, but is useful for general applications because it contains\n",
"many faint stars not present in the current series of large astrometric\n",
"catalogs.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Positions of 502 Stars in Pleiades Region\n",
"Short Name: I/90\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/i/90\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"The catalog contains the positions (equinox B1900.0 and epoch B1955.0) of 502\n",
"stars in a region of about 1.5 degrees square in the Pleiades cluster,\n",
"centered on Eta Tau. These coordinates have been derived from measurements of\n",
"stellar images obtained with 65 exposures of various durations on 14\n",
"photographic plates with two telescopes at McCormick Observatory and Van Vleck\n",
"Observatory. The plates were reduced by the plate overlap method, which\n",
"resulted in a high degree of systematic accuracy in the final positions. Data\n",
"in the machine version include Hertzsprung number, color index, photovisual\n",
"magnitude, right ascension and declination and their standard errors, proper\n",
"motion, and differences between the present position and previous works. Data\n",
"for exposures, plates, and images measured, present in the published catalog,\n",
"are not included in the machine version.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Tonantzintla Pleiades Flare Stars\n",
"Short Name: II/131\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/ii/131\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"The original catalog lists the flare stars discovered by different\n",
"astronomical observatories over an area slightly larger than 20 square degrees\n",
"in the Pleiades regions centered on Alcyone. Not all the flare stars are\n",
"members of this cluster, membership indicators are provided in the catalog.\n",
"The catalog, combining Tables 1 and 2 of the publication, gives the data for\n",
"1531 flares of 519 flare stars.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"K-line photometry of Southern A stars\n",
"Short Name: II/43\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/ii/43\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"The photoelectric measurements of the strength of the Calcium K-line has been\n",
"extended by 223 stars of predominantly southern or equatorial declinations\n",
"which are well distributed in right ascension. This has expanded the existent\n",
"list to 369 field stars for which a k-index is available, including many more\n",
"Am stars. All available k-index data for field stars are presented here.\n",
"Introduction: The present work represents a continuation of that described\n",
"previously (Henry 1968ApJ...152L..87H, 1969ApJS...18...47H = II/42,\n",
"[hereinafter referenced as Paper I]), in which the K-line of calcium at\n",
"3933{AA} is measured photoelectrically in A-type stars with a narrow-band\n",
"spectrometer. The result for each star is a K-line strength index, called k,\n",
"the value of which appears to depend predominantly only on the temperature of\n",
"the star and the abundance of calcium in its atmosphere. The temperature\n",
"dependence is well known; the abundance dependence appears as a correlation\n",
"between the residual dK in K (after allowance for the temperature effect) and\n",
"the difference from normal of the general metallicity index [m1] of Stromgren.\n",
"Alternatively, it was shown in Paper I that the calcium abundance is probably\n",
"the effective factor in producing the scatter in the relation between k and\n",
"b-y by a process of elimination of other parameters (luminosity, etc.) that\n",
"were found not to affect appreciably the value of k. The value of k is,\n",
"however, affected by a third parameter, namely, whether the star is an Am star\n",
"or not. Many of the stars of Paper I were reobserved in order to tie in the\n",
"new measurements with the old ones. An emphasis was laid on observing more Am\n",
"stars, and on observing some stars that are of somewhat earlier spectral types\n",
"than the earliest ones observed previously. Simultaneously with the field-star\n",
"measurements described here, extensive data were acquired for the A stars in\n",
"five open clusters (Hyades, Pleiades, IC 2391, IC 2602, and NGC 6475) and one\n",
"association (Orion), as described in Paper III (Hesser & Henry\n",
"1971ApJS...23..453H). The observations were made with the same instrument that\n",
"was used to obtain the data for Paper I, and a description of the instrument\n",
"may be found in that paper.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"K-Line photometry of stars in Population I clusters\n",
"Short Name: II/44\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/ii/44\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"Photoelectric photometry of the K-line of calcium has been performed for the A\n",
"stars of five open clusters (Hyades, Pleiades, IC 2391, IC 2602, and NGC 6475)\n",
"and one association (Orion). All observations were carried out simultaneously\n",
"with the field stars measurements in Paper II (II/43), with the 16-inch (40cm)\n",
"and 36-inch (91cm) telescopes of the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory,\n",
"between May 1969 and January 1970.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Pleiades field Membership probabilities\n",
"Short Name: J/A+A/299/696\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/a+a/299/696\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"A catalogue of proper motions and photographic B,V magnitudes for stars up to\n",
"B=19 mag within a region centered near Alcyone is presented. The catalogue is\n",
"based on MAMA measurements of 8 plates taken with the Tautenburg Schmidt\n",
"telescope. The survey includes ca. 14500 stars and covers a total field of\n",
"about 9 square degrees. Membership probabilities, proper motions and B,V\n",
"magnitudes are listed for 442 stars up to B=19 mag in the Pleiades field.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Radial velocities of Pleiades members\n",
"Short Name: J/A+A/320/74\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/a+a/320/74\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"The analysis of CORAVEL radial velocities of 93 stars selected on the basis of\n",
"their proper motion and Geneva CCD photometric observations for 57 stars have\n",
"permitted to identify 25 new members in the outer part of the Pleiades.\n",
"Several spectroscopic binaries have been discovered, but their membership is\n",
"not clear. Two orbits with short periods have been determined, but both stars\n",
"are probably non-members. The total number of member stars in the outer part\n",
"of the Pleiades in the spectral range F5-K0 (0.45~20{deg}, and\n",
"Dec>=-9{deg}. A detailed study was carried out for the subsample of ~200 G, K,\n",
"and M stars. Lithium abundances were determined for 179 G-M stars. Radial\n",
"velocities were measured for most of the 141 G and K type stars of the sample.\n",
"Combined with proper motions these data were used to study the age\n",
"distribution and the kinematical properties of the sample. Based on the\n",
"lithium abundances half of the G-K stars were found to be younger than the\n",
"Hyades (660Myr). About 25% are comparable in age to the Pleiades (100Myr). A\n",
"small subsample of 10 stars is younger than the Pleiades. They are therefore\n",
"most likely pre-main sequence stars. Kinematically the PMS and Pleiades-type\n",
"stars appear to form a group with space velocities close to the Castor moving\n",
"group but clearly distinct from the Local Association.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: x-ray\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"XMM survey of NGC 2516\n",
"Short Name: J/A+A/450/993\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/a+a/450/993\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"We report a deep X-ray survey of the young (~140Myr), rich open cluster NGC\n",
"2516 obtained with the EPIC camera on board the XMM-Newton satellite. By\n",
"combining data from six observations, a high sensitivity, greater than a\n",
"factor of 5 with respect to recent Chandra observations, has been achieved.\n",
"Kaplan-Meier estimators of the cumulative X-ray luminosity distribution are\n",
"built, statistically corrected for non members contaminants and compared to\n",
"those of the nearly coeval Pleiades. The EPIC spectra of the X-ray brightest\n",
"stars are fitted using optically thin model plasma with one or two thermal\n",
"components. We detected 431 X-ray sources and 234 of them have as optical\n",
"counterparts cluster stars spanning the entire NGC 2516 Main Sequence.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: x-ray\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Geneva photometry of HD 23642\n",
"Short Name: J/A+A/463/579\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/a+a/463/579\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"HD 23642 is the only known eclipsing binary in the Pleiades, and therefore of\n",
"importance in determining the distance to this cluster. To use new photometric\n",
"and spectroscopic data in combination with existing data in the literature in\n",
"order to improve the determination of the parameters of the system, its\n",
"distance and reddening. New photometric and spectroscopic data are presented\n",
"for HD 23642. The spectroscopic data are ``spectrally disentangled'' using the\n",
"KOREL code. The new and literature photometric and radial velocity data are\n",
"simultaneously analysed using the FOTEL code to obtain the orbital solution\n",
"and derive the fundamental parameters of the two stars. The distance and\n",
"reddening are determined by fitting 7-colour Geneva, B,V and Stroemgren\n",
"colours, and considering surface-brightness relations for the two components\n",
"in (B-V) and Stroemgren c_1_-index. The preferred distance is 138.0+/-1.5pc\n",
"for a reddening of E(B-V)=0.025+/-0.003. The reddening value is larger than\n",
"the 0.012 adopted in the recent works on this stars by Munari et al.\n",
"(2004A&A...418L..31M) and Southworth et al. (2005A&A...429..645S), and smaller\n",
"than other values in the literature for the cluster reddening. The distance is\n",
"in agreement with other recent works on the distance to the Pleiades. A\n",
"comparison with evolutionary models suggests that the inclusion of convective\n",
"core overshoot gives a much better fit to the empirical mass-radius\n",
"relationship obtained from the binary analysis. Both this comparison and the\n",
"\"spectral disentangling\" are consistent with HD 23642 having [Fe/H]=+0.06, a\n",
"value determined by the most recent spectroscopical analyses of Pleiades\n",
"stars.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Velocities of F-G-K stars in Blanco 1\n",
"Short Name: J/A+A/485/95\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/a+a/485/95\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"The nearby open cluster Blanco 1 is of considerable astrophysical interest for\n",
"formation and evolution studies of open clusters because it is the third\n",
"highest Galactic latitude cluster known. It has been observed often, but so\n",
"far no definitive and comprehensive membership determination is readily\n",
"available. An observing programme was carried out to study the stellar\n",
"population of Blanco 1, and especially the membership and binary frequency of\n",
"the F5-K0 dwarfs. We obtained radial-velocities with the CORAVEL spectrograph\n",
"in the field of Blanco 1 for a sample of 148 F-G-K candidate stars in the\n",
"magnitude range 101.4).\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: x-ray\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Lithium content for 148 Pleiades stars\n",
"Short Name: J/A+A/613/A63\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/a+a/613/a63\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"The evolution of lithium abundance over a star's lifetime is indicative of\n",
"transport processes operating in the stellar interior. Aims. We revisit the\n",
"relationship between lithium content and rotation rate previously reported for\n",
"cool dwarfs in the Pleiades cluster. Methods. We derive new LiI 670.8nm\n",
"equivalent width measurements from high-resolution spectra obtained for low-\n",
"mass Pleiades members. We combine these new measurements with previously\n",
"published ones, and use the Kepler/K2 rotational periods recently derived for\n",
"Pleiades cool dwarfs to investigate the lithium-rotation connection in this\n",
"125Myr-old cluster. Results. The new data confirm the correlation between\n",
"lithium equivalent width and stellar spin rate for a sample of 51 early K-type\n",
"members of the cluster, where fast rotating stars are systematically lithium-\n",
"rich compared to slowly rotating ones. The correlation is valid for all stars\n",
"over the (J-Ks) color range 0.50-0.70mag, corresponding to a mass range from\n",
"about 0.75 to 0.90M_{sun}_, and may extend down to lower masses. Conclusions.\n",
"We argue that the dispersion in lithium equivalent widths observed for cool\n",
"dwarfs in the Pleiades cluster reflects an intrinsic scatter in lithium\n",
"abundances, and suggest that the physical origin of the lithium dispersion\n",
"pattern is to be found in the pre-main sequence rotational history of solar-\n",
"type stars.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage:\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Spectroscopic membership for NGC 3532\n",
"Short Name: J/A+A/622/A110\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/a+a/622/a110\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"NGC 3532 is an extremely rich open cluster embedded in the Galactic disc,\n",
"hitherto lacking a comprehensive, documented membership list. We provide\n",
"membership probabilities from new radial velocity observations of solar-type\n",
"and low-mass stars in NGC 3532, in part as a prelude to a subsequent study of\n",
"stellar rotation in the cluster. Using extant optical and infra-red photometry\n",
"we constructed a preliminary photometric membership catalogue, consisting of\n",
"2230 dwarf and turn-off stars. We selected 1060 of these for observation with\n",
"the AAOmega spectrograph at the 3.9m Anglo-Australian Telescope and 391 stars\n",
"for observations with the Hydra-South spectrograph at the 4m Victor Blanco\n",
"Telescope, obtaining spectroscopic observations over a decade for 145 stars.\n",
"We measured radial velocities for our targets through cross-correlation with\n",
"model spectra and standard stars, and supplemented them with radial velocities\n",
"for 433 additional stars from the literature. We also measured logg, Teff, and\n",
"[Fe/H] from the AAOmega spectra. The radial velocity distribution emerging\n",
"from the observations is centred at 5.43+/-0.04km/s and has a width (standard\n",
"deviation) of 1.46km/s. Together with proper motions from Gaia DR2 we find 660\n",
"exclusive members, of which five are likely binary members. The members are\n",
"distributed across the whole cluster sequence, from giant stars to M dwarfs,\n",
"making NGC~3532 one of the richest Galactic open clusters known to date, on\n",
"par with the Pleiades. From further spectroscopic analysis of 153 dwarf\n",
"members we find the metallicity to be marginally sub-solar, with\n",
"[Fe/H]=-0.07+/-0.10. We confirm the extremely low reddening of the cluster,\n",
"E_B-V_=0.034+/-0.012mag, despite its location near the Galactic plane.\n",
"Exploiting trigonometric parallax measurements from Gaia DR2 we find a\n",
"distance of 484^+35^_-30_pc [(m-M)_0_=8.42+/-0.14mag]. Based on the membership\n",
"we provide an empirical cluster sequence in multiple photometric passbands. A\n",
"comparison of the photometry of the measured cluster members with several\n",
"recent model isochrones enables us to confirm the 300Myr cluster age. However,\n",
"all of the models evince departures from the cluster sequence in particular\n",
"regions, especially in the lower mass range.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: infrared, optical\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"alpha Persei, Pleiades and Praesepe clusters\n",
"Short Name: J/A+A/628/A66\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/a+a/628/a66\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"Our scientific goal is to provide revised membership lists of the alpha Per,\n",
"Pleiades, and Praesepe clusters exploiting the second data release of Gaia and\n",
"produce five-dimensional maps ({alpha}, {delta}, {pi},\n",
"{mu}_{alpha}_cos{delta}, {mu}_{delta}_) of these clusters. We implemented the\n",
"kinematic method combined with the statistical treatment of parallaxes and\n",
"proper motions to identify astrometric member candidates of three of the most\n",
"nearby and best studied open clusters in the sky. We cross-correlated the Gaia\n",
"catalogue with large-scale public surveys to complement the astrometry of Gaia\n",
"with multi-band photometry from the optical to the mid-infrared. We identified\n",
"517, 1248, and 721 bona fide astrometric member candidates inside the tidal\n",
"radius of alpha Per, the Pleiades, and Praesepe, respectively. We cross-\n",
"matched our final samples with catalogues from previous surveys to address the\n",
"level of completeness. We update the main physical properties of the clusters,\n",
"including mean distance and velocity, as well as core, half-mass, and tidal\n",
"radii. We infer updated ages from the white dwarf members of the Pleiades and\n",
"Praesepe. We derive the luminosity and mass functions of the three clusters\n",
"and compare them to the field mass function. We compute the positions in space\n",
"of all member candidates in the three regions to investigate their\n",
"distribution in space. We provide updated distances and kinematics for the\n",
"three clusters. We identify a list of members in the alpha Per, Pleiades, and\n",
"Praesepe clusters from the most massive stars all the way down to the\n",
"hydrogen-burning limit with a higher confidence and better astrometry than\n",
"previous studies. We produce complete 5D maps of stellar and substellar bona\n",
"fide members in these three regions. The photometric sequences derived in\n",
"several colour-magnitude diagrams represent benchmark cluster sequences at\n",
"ages from 90 to 600Myr. We note the presence of a stream around the Pleiades\n",
"cluster extending up to 40 pc from the cluster centre.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage:\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"A census of the near-by Psc-Eri stellar stream\n",
"Short Name: J/A+A/638/A9\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/a+a/638/a9\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"Within a sphere of 400pc radius around the Sun, we search for members of the\n",
"Pisces-Eridanus (Psc-Eri) stellar stream in the Gaia Data Release 2 DR2) data\n",
"set. We compare basic astrophysical characteristics of the stream with those\n",
"of the Pleiades. We used a modified convergent-point method to identify stars\n",
"with 2D - velocities consistent with the space velocity of the Psc-Eri stream\n",
"and the Pleiades, respectively. We found 1387 members of the Psc-Eri stream in\n",
"a G-magnitude range from 5.1mag to 19.3mag at distances between 80 and 380pc\n",
"from the Sun. The stream has a nearly cylindrical shape with a length of at\n",
"least 700pc and a thickness of 100pc. The accumulated stellar mass of the 1387\n",
"members amounts to about 770M_{sun}_, and the stream is gravitationally\n",
"unbound. For the stream we found an age of about 135Myr. In many astrophysical\n",
"properties Psc-Eri is comparable to the open cluster M45 (the Pleiades): in\n",
"its age, its luminosity function (LF), its present-day mass function (PDMF) as\n",
"well as in its total mass. Nonetheless, the two stellar ensembles are\n",
"completely unlike in their physical appearance. We cautiously give two\n",
"possible explanations for this disagreement: (i) the star-formation efficiency\n",
"in their parental molecular clouds was higher for the Pleiades than for Psc-\n",
"Eri or/and (ii) the Pleiades had a higher primordial mass segregation\n",
"immediately after the expulsion of the molecular gas of the parental cloud.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage:\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"IC 4665 multi-band photometry\n",
"Short Name: J/A+A/641/A156\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/a+a/641/a156\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"Debris discs orbiting young stars are key to understand dust evolution and the\n",
"planetary formation process.We take advantage of a recent membership analysis\n",
"of the 30Myr nearby open cluster IC 4665 based on the Gaia and DANCe surveys\n",
"to revisit the disc population of this cluster. We aim to study the disc\n",
"population of IC 4665 using Spitzer (MIPS and IRAC) and WISE photometry. We\n",
"use several colour-colour diagrams with empirical photospheric sequences to\n",
"detect the sources with an infrared excess. Independently, we also fit the\n",
"spectral energy distribution (SED) of our debris disc candidates with the\n",
"Virtual Observatory SED analyser (VOSA) which is capable of automatically\n",
"detecting infrared excesses and provides effective temperature estimates. We\n",
"find six candidates debris disc host-stars (five with MIPS and one with WISE)\n",
"and two of them are new candidates. We estimate a disc fraction of 24+/-10%\n",
"for the B-A stars, where our sample is expected to be complete. This is\n",
"similar to what has been reported in other clusters of similar ages (Upper\n",
"Centaurus Lupus, Lower Centaurus Crux, the \\beta Pictoris moving group, and\n",
"the Pleiades). For solar type stars we find a disk fraction of 9+/-9%, lower\n",
"than that observed in regions with comparable ages. Our candidates debris disc\n",
"host-stars are excellent targets to be studied with ALMA or the future James\n",
"Webb Space Telescope (JWST).\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical, infrared\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"NGC 2516 membership list\n",
"Short Name: J/A+A/641/A51\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/a+a/641/a51\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"We wish to measure the cool star rotation period distribution for the\n",
"Pleiades-age rich open cluster NGC 2516 and use it to determine whether\n",
"cluster-to-cluster variations exist in otherwise identical open clusters. We\n",
"obtained 42d-long time-series CCD photometry of NGC 2516 in the V and Ic\n",
"filters using the Yale 1m telescope at CTIO and performed a number of related\n",
"analyses, including PSF-based time-series photometry. Our data are\n",
"complemented with additional information from several photometric datasets,\n",
"literature radial velocities, and Gaia DR2 astrometry. All available data are\n",
"used to construct an integrated membership list for NGC 2516, containing 844\n",
"stars in our ~1 degree field of view. We derived 308 rotation periods for\n",
"late-F to mid-M cluster members from our photometry. We identified an\n",
"additional 247 periodic M dwarf stars from a prior study as cluster members,\n",
"and used these to construct a 555-star rotation period distribution for NGC\n",
"2516. The colour-period diagram (in multiple colours) has almost no outliers\n",
"and exhibits the anticipated triangular shape, with a diagonal slow rotator\n",
"sequence that is preferentially occupied by the warmer stars along with a flat\n",
"fast rotator sequence that is preferentially populated by the cooler cluster\n",
"members. We also find a group of extremely slowly rotating M dwarfs\n",
"(10d). Our surveyed region\n",
"extends from 2h 40m to 5h 40m in right ascension and from 10deg to 40deg in\n",
"declination, with the central part of Taurus-Auriga(4h<{alpha}<5h,\n",
"15deg<{delta}<34deg), accomplished by Wichmann et al. (1996, Cat.\n",
"), excluded. Within a sky coverage of about 10^{3} square\n",
"degrees, 219 X-ray sources fullfill the criteria for selecting program sources\n",
"suggested by Neuhauser et al. (1995A&A...295L...5N) and 164 of these X-ray\n",
"sources were found to have at least one optical counterpart with E magnitude\n",
"brighter than 16. Low-resolution spectroscopic observation has been carried\n",
"out in order to discard early type stars and galaxies from the sample,\n",
"additional intermediate-resolution spectra of a sub-sample of 156 late type\n",
"optical counterparts were obtained for spectral classification and for the\n",
"calculation of the equivalent width of H{alpha} emission and LiI line\n",
"absorption at 6707{AA}. Excluding 2 previously identified WTTS, a total of 75\n",
"new candidate WTTS and one possible classical T Tauri star have been\n",
"discovered in our study. The majority of the newly found Li-rich optical\n",
"counterparts are believed to b e PMS stars rather than ZAMS stars as those of\n",
"the Pleiades.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: x-ray\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Blue horizontal branch stars\n",
"Short Name: J/AJ/108/1722\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/aj/108/1722\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"A complete sample of blue horizontal branch (BHB) stars in the magnitude range\n",
"13.0=35kpc, a classical spherical halo dominates which follows a\n",
"R_gal_^-3.5^ space-density law and which has a HB morphology like that of the\n",
"globular cluster M3 (i.e., approximately equal numbers of BHB and RR Lyrae\n",
"stars). Closer to the galactic plane, there is an additional component with a\n",
"much flatter galactic distribution (scale height ~2.2kpc near the Sun). The\n",
"stars of the two components do not have significantly different metallicity\n",
"distributions but do have slightly different distributions of the A parameter\n",
"which measures the steepness of the Balmer jump; this is the only physical\n",
"criterion (independent of spatial or kinematic considerations) which\n",
"distinguishes between the two components. If present estimates of the local RR\n",
"Lyrae star space density are correct, then the ratio of BHB stars to RR Lyrae\n",
"stars is higher in the flatter halo component. The flat component would then\n",
"have a bluer HB morphology (which could be interpreted as making it older)\n",
"than the spherical component. In the solar neighborhood about 80 percent of\n",
"the BHB stars come from the flat component and about 20 percent from the\n",
"spherical component. More than half of the AF stars with V>13.0 and\n",
"(B-V)_0_<+0.23 are not BHB stars but have surface gravities that are more like\n",
"those expected for main sequence stars. Their measured metallicities lie in\n",
"the range -0.2<[Fe/H]<-2.3. The more metal-poor of these stars are probably\n",
"similar to the blue metal-poor stars that have been discussed by Preston et\n",
"al. (1994AJ....108..538P) which, while they probably include globular cluster\n",
"blue stragglers as a subset, must also comprise stars of other types.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"ROSAT X-ray survey in NGC 6475\n",
"Short Name: J/AJ/110/1229\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/aj/110/1229\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"A ROSAT X-ray survey, with complementary optical photometry, of the open\n",
"cluster NGC 6475 has enabled the detection of ~50 late-F to K0 and ~70 K/M\n",
"dwarf new candidate members, providing the first reliable detection of low-\n",
"mass stars in this low galactic latitude, 220Myr old cluster. The X-ray\n",
"observations reported here have a typical limiting sensitivity of L_X_ ~\n",
"10^29^erg/s. The detection frequency of early type cluster members is\n",
"consistent with the hypothesis that the X-ray emitting early type stars are\n",
"binary systems with an unseen, low-mass secondary producing the X-rays. The\n",
"ratio between X-ray and bolometric luminosity among NGC 6475 members saturates\n",
"at a spectral-type/color which is intermediate between that in much younger\n",
"and in much older clusters, consistent with rotational spindown of solar-type\n",
"stars upon their arrival on the ZAMS. The upper envelope of X-ray luminosity\n",
"as a function of spectral type is comparable to that of the Pleiades, with the\n",
"observed spread in X-ray luminosity among low-mass members being likely due to\n",
"the presence of binaries and relatively rapid rotators. However, the list of\n",
"X-ray selected candidate members is likely biased against low-mass, slowly\n",
"rotating single stars. While some preliminary spectroscopic information is\n",
"given in an appendix, further spectroscopic observations of the new candidate\n",
"members will aid in interpreting the coronal activity among solar-type NGC\n",
"6475 members and their relation to similar stars in older and younger open\n",
"clusters.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: x-ray\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Spectrophotometry in open clusters\n",
"Short Name: J/AJ/114/699\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/aj/114/699\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"Spectrophotometry is presented for 237 stars in 7 nearby open clusters:\n",
"Hyades, Pleiades, Alpha Persei, Praesepe, Coma Berenices, IC 4665, and M39.\n",
"The observations were taken by Lee McDonald and David Burstein using the\n",
"Wampler single-channel scanner on the Crossley 0.9m telescope at Lick\n",
"Observatory from 1973 July through 1974 December. Sixteen bandpasses spanning\n",
"the spectral range 3500-7780{AA} were observed for each star, with bandwidths\n",
"32, 48, or 64{AA}. Data are standardized to the Hayes-Latham system to mutual\n",
"accuracy of 0.016mag per passband. The accuracy of the spectrophotometry is\n",
"assessed in three ways on a star-by-star basis. First, comparisons are made\n",
"with previously published spectrophotometry for 19 stars observed in common.\n",
"Second, (B-V) colors and uvby colors are compared for 236 stars and 221 stars,\n",
"respectively. Finally, comparisons are made for 200 main sequence stars to the\n",
"spectral synthesis models of Kurucz, fixing logg=4.0 and [Fe/H]=0.0, and only\n",
"varying effective temperature. The accuracy of tests using uvby colors and the\n",
"Kurucz models are shown to track each other closely, yielding an accuracy\n",
"estimate (1{sigma}) of 0.01mag for the 13 colors formed from bandpasses\n",
"longward of the Balmer jump, and 0.02mag for the 3 colors formed from the\n",
"three bandpasses below the Balmer jump. In contrast, larger scatter is found\n",
"relative to the previously published spectrophotometry of Bohm-Vitense &\n",
"Johnson (1977ApJS...35..461B) (16 stars in common) and Gunn & Stryker (1983,\n",
"Cat. ) (3 stars). We also show that the scatter in the fits of the\n",
"spectrophotometric colors and the uvby filter colors is a reasonable way to\n",
"identify the observations of which specific stars are accurate to 1{sigma},\n",
"2{sigma}, .... As such, the residuals from both the filter color fits and the\n",
"Kurucz model fits are tabulated for each star where it was possible to make a\n",
"comparison, so users of these data can choose stars according to the accuracy\n",
"of the data that is appropriate to their needs. The very good agreement\n",
"between the models and these data verifies the accuracy of these data, and\n",
"also verifies the usefulness of the Kurucz models to define spectrophotometry\n",
"for stars in this temperature range (>5000K). These data define accurate\n",
"spectrophotometry of bright, open cluster stars that can be used as a\n",
"secondary flux calibration for CCD-based spectrophotometric surveys. (c) 1997\n",
"American Astronomical Society.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Rotation periods of Orion PMS stars\n",
"Short Name: J/AJ/117/2941\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/aj/117/2941\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"We report rotation periods for 254 stars in an area 40'x80' centered on the\n",
"Orion Nebula. We show that these stars are likely members of the young\n",
"(~10^6^yr) Orion OBIc/d association. The rotation period distribution we\n",
"determine, which is sensitive to periods 0.11000 members), and relatively nearby, the Pleiades\n",
"has provided an anchor for stellar angular momentum models for both younger\n",
"and older stars. We used K2 to explore the distribution of rotation periods in\n",
"the Pleiades. With more than 500 new periods for Pleiades members, we are\n",
"vastly expanding the number of Pleiades with periods, particularly at the low-\n",
"mass end. About 92% of the members in our sample have at least one measured\n",
"spot-modulated rotation period. For the ~8% of the members without periods,\n",
"non-astrophysical effects often dominate (saturation, etc.), such that\n",
"periodic signals might have been detectable, all other things being equal. We\n",
"now have an unusually complete view of the rotation distribution in the\n",
"Pleiades. The relationship between P and (V-K_s_)_0_ follows the overall\n",
"trends found in other Pleiades studies. There is a slowly rotating sequence\n",
"for 1.1<~(V-K_s_)_0_<~3.7 and a primarily rapidly rotating population for\n",
"(V-K_s_)_0_>~5.0. There is a region in which there seems to be a disorganized\n",
"relationship between P and (V-K_s_)_0_ for 3.7<~(V-K_s_)_0_<~5.0. Paper II\n",
"continues the discussion, focusing on multiperiod structures, and Paper III\n",
"speculates about the origin and evolution of the period distribution in the\n",
"Pleiades.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage:\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Pleiades members with K2 light curves. II.\n",
"Short Name: J/AJ/152/114\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/aj/152/114\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"We use K2 to continue the exploration of the distribution of rotation periods\n",
"in Pleiades that we began in Paper I. We have discovered complicated\n",
"multiperiod behavior in Pleiades stars using these K2 data, and we have\n",
"grouped them into categories, which are the focal part of this paper. About\n",
"24% of the sample has multiple, real frequencies in the periodogram, sometimes\n",
"manifesting as obvious beating in the LCs. Those having complex and/or\n",
"structured periodogram peaks, unresolved multiple periods, and resolved close\n",
"multiple periods are likely due to spot/spot group evolution and/or\n",
"latitudinal differential rotation; these largely compose the slowly rotating\n",
"sequence in P versus (V-K_s_)_0_ identified in Paper I. The fast sequence in P\n",
"versus (V-K_s_)_0_ is dominated by single-period stars; these are likely to be\n",
"rotating as solid bodies. Paper III continues the discussion, speculating\n",
"about the origin and evolution of the period distribution in the Pleiades.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage:\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Pleiades members with K2 light curves. III.\n",
"Short Name: J/AJ/152/115\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/aj/152/115\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"We use high-quality K2 light curves for hundreds of stars in the Pleiades to\n",
"better understand the angular momentum evolution and magnetic dynamos of young\n",
"low-mass stars. The K2 light curves provide not only rotational periods but\n",
"also detailed information from the shape of the phased light curve that was\n",
"not available in previous studies. A slowly rotating sequence begins at\n",
"(V-K_s_)_0_~1.1 (spectral type F5) and ends at (V-K_s_)_0_~3.7 (spectral type\n",
"K8), with periods rising from ~2 to ~11 days in that interval. A total of 52%\n",
"of the Pleiades members in that color interval have periods within 30% of a\n",
"curve defining the slow sequence; the slowly rotating fraction decreases\n",
"significantly redward of (V-K_s_)_0_=2.6. Nearly all of the slow-sequence\n",
"stars show light curves that evolve significantly on timescales less than the\n",
"K2 campaign duration. The majority of the FGK Pleiades members identified as\n",
"photometric binaries are relatively rapidly rotating, perhaps because binarity\n",
"inhibits star-disk angular momentum loss mechanisms during pre-main-sequence\n",
"evolution. The fully convective late M dwarf Pleiades members\n",
"(5.0<(V-K_s_)_0_<6.0) nearly always show stable light curves, with little spot\n",
"evolution or evidence of differential rotation. During pre-main-sequence\n",
"evolution from ~3Myr (NGC2264 age) to ~125Myr (Pleiades age), stars of\n",
"0.3M_{Sun}_ shed about half of their angular momentum, with the fractional\n",
"change in period between 3 and 125Myr being nearly independent of mass for\n",
"fully convective stars. Our data also suggest that very low mass binaries form\n",
"with rotation periods more similar to each other and faster than would be true\n",
"if drawn at random from the parent population of single stars.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage:\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Pleiades members stellar properties\n",
"Short Name: J/AJ/153/101\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/aj/153/101\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"Precise measurements of eclipsing binary parameters and statistical studies of\n",
"young clusters have suggested that some magnetically active low-mass dwarfs\n",
"possess radii inflated by ~5%-15% relative to theoretical expectations. If\n",
"true, this effect should be pronounced in young open clusters, due to the\n",
"rapid rotation and strong magnetic activity of their most extreme members. We\n",
"explore this possibility by determining empirical radii for 83 members of the\n",
"nearby Pleiades open cluster, using spectral energy distribution fitting to\n",
"establish F_bol_ with a typical accuracy of ~3% together with color and\n",
"spectro-photometric indices to determine T_eff_. We find several Pleiades\n",
"members with radii inflated above radius-T_eff_ models from state-of-the-art\n",
"calculations, and apparent dispersions in radii for the K-dwarfs of the\n",
"cluster. Moreover, we demonstrate that this putative radius inflation\n",
"correlates strongly with rotation rate, consistent with inflation of young\n",
"stars by magnetic activity and/or starspots. We argue that this signal is not\n",
"a consequence of starspot-induced color anomalies, binarity, or depth effects\n",
"in the cluster, employing Gaia DR1 distances as a check. Finally, we consider\n",
"the lithium abundances of these stars, demonstrating a triple correlation\n",
"between rotation rate, radius inflation, and enhanced lithium abundance. Our\n",
"result-already significant to ~99.99% confidence-provides strong support for a\n",
"magnetic origin of the inflated radii and lithium dispersion observed in\n",
"young, low-mass stars.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical, infrared\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"The solar neighborhood. XLII. New nearby subdwarfs\n",
"Short Name: J/AJ/154/191\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/aj/154/191\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"Parallaxes, proper motions, and optical photometry are presented for 51\n",
"systems consisting of 37 cool subdwarf and 14 additional high proper motion\n",
"systems. Thirty-seven systems have parallaxes reported for the first time, 15\n",
"of which have proper motions of at least 1\"/yr. The sample includes 22 newly\n",
"identified cool subdwarfs within 100 pc, of which three are within 25 pc, and\n",
"an additional five subdwarfs from 100 to 160 pc. Two systems-LSR 1610-0040 AB\n",
"and LHS 440 AB-are close binaries exhibiting clear astrometric perturbations\n",
"that will ultimately provide important masses for cool subdwarfs. We use the\n",
"accurate parallaxes and proper motions provided here, combined with additional\n",
"data from our program and others, to determine that effectively all nearby\n",
"stars with tangential velocities greater than 200 km/s are subdwarfs. We\n",
"compare a sample of 167 confirmed cool subdwarfs to nearby main sequence\n",
"dwarfs and Pleiades members on an observational Hertzsprung-Russell diagram\n",
"using M_V_ versus (V-K_s_) to map trends of age and metallicity. We find that\n",
"subdwarfs are clearly separated for spectral types K5-M5, indicating that the\n",
"low metallicities of subdwarfs set them apart in the H-R diagram for\n",
"(V-K_s_)=3-6. We then apply the tangential velocity cutoff and the subdwarf\n",
"region of the H-R diagram to stars with parallaxes from Gaia Data Release 1\n",
"and the MEarth Project to identify a total of 29 new nearby subdwarf\n",
"candidates that fall clearly below the main sequence.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical, infrared\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Transiting planets in young clusters from K2\n",
"Short Name: J/AJ/154/224\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/aj/154/224\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"Detection of transiting exoplanets around young stars is more difficult than\n",
"for older systems owing to increased stellar variability. Nine young open\n",
"cluster planets have been found in the K2 data, but no single analysis\n",
"pipeline identified all planets. We have developed a transit search pipeline\n",
"for young stars that uses a transit-shaped notch and quadratic continuum in a\n",
"12 or 24 hr window to fit both the stellar variability and the presence of a\n",
"transit. In addition, for the most rapid rotators (P_rot_<2 days) we model the\n",
"variability using a linear combination of observed rotations of each star. To\n",
"maximally exploit our new pipeline, we update the membership for four stellar\n",
"populations observed by K2 (Upper Scorpius, Pleiades, Hyades, Praesepe) and\n",
"conduct a uniform search of the members. We identify all known transiting\n",
"exoplanets in the clusters, 17 eclipsing binaries, one transiting planet\n",
"candidate orbiting a potential Pleiades member, and three orbiting unlikely\n",
"members of the young clusters. Limited injection recovery testing on the known\n",
"planet hosts indicates that for the older Praesepe systems we are sensitive to\n",
"additional exoplanets as small as 1-2 R_{Earth}_, and for the larger Upper\n",
"Scorpius planet host (K2-33) our pipeline is sensitive to ~4 R_{Earth}_\n",
"transiting planets. The lack of detected multiple systems in the young\n",
"clusters is consistent with the expected frequency from the original Kepler\n",
"sample, within our detection limits. With a robust pipeline that detects all\n",
"known planets in the young clusters, occurrence rate testing at young ages is\n",
"now possible.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: infrared, optical\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Analysis of K2 LCs for members of USco & {rho} Oph\n",
"Short Name: J/AJ/155/196\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/aj/155/196\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"We present an analysis of K2 light curves (LCs) for candidate members of the\n",
"young Upper Sco (USco) association (~8 Myr) and the neighboring {rho} Oph\n",
"embedded cluster (~1 Myr). We establish ~1300 stars as probable members, ~80%\n",
"of which are periodic. The phased LCs have a variety of shapes which can be\n",
"attributed to physical causes ranging from stellar pulsation and stellar\n",
"rotation to disk-related phenomena. We identify and discuss a number of\n",
"observed behaviors. The periods are ~0.2-30 days with a peak near 2 days and\n",
"the rapid period end nearing breakup velocity. M stars in the young USco\n",
"region rotate systematically faster than GK stars, a pattern also present in\n",
"K2 data for the older Pleiades and Praesepe systems. At higher masses (types\n",
"FGK), the well-defined period-color relationship for slowly rotating stars\n",
"seen in the Pleiades and Praesepe systems is not yet present in USco.\n",
"Circumstellar disks are present predominantly among the more slowly rotating M\n",
"stars in USco, with few disks in the subday rotators. However, M dwarfs with\n",
"disks rotate faster on average than FGK systems with disks. For four of these\n",
"disked M dwarfs, we provide direct evidence for disk locking based on the K2\n",
"LC morphologies. Our preliminary analysis shows a relatively mass-independent\n",
"spin-up by a factor of ~3.5 between USco and the Pleiades, then mass-dependent\n",
"spin-down between Pleiades and Praesepe.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical, infrared\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Robo-AO binary star systems in 3 open clusters\n",
"Short Name: J/AJ/155/51\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/aj/155/51\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"We identify and roughly characterize 66 candidate binary star systems in the\n",
"Pleiades, Praesepe, and NGC 2264 star clusters, based on robotic adaptive\n",
"optics imaging data obtained using Robo-AO at the Palomar 60\" telescope. Only\n",
"~10% of our imaged pairs were previously known. We detect companions at red\n",
"optical wavelengths, with physical separations ranging from a few tens to a\n",
"few thousands of au. A three-sigma contrast curve generated for each final\n",
"image provides upper limits to the brightness ratios for any undetected\n",
"putative companions. The observations are sensitive to companions with a\n",
"maximum contrast of ~6^m^ at larger separations. At smaller separations, the\n",
"mean (best) raw contrast at 2\" is 3.8^m^ (6^m^), at 1\" is 3.0^m^ (4.5^m^), and\n",
"at 0.5\" is 1.9^m^ (3^m^). Point-spread function subtraction can recover nearly\n",
"the full contrast in the closer separations. For detected candidate binary\n",
"pairs, we report separations, position angles, and relative magnitudes.\n",
"Theoretical isochrones appropriate to the Pleiades and Praesepe clusters are\n",
"then used to determine the corresponding binary mass ratios, which range from\n",
"0.2 to 0.9 in q=m_2_/m_1_. For our sample of roughly solar-mass (FGK type)\n",
"stars in NGC 2264 and sub-solar-mass (K and early M-type) primaries in the\n",
"Pleiades and Praesepe, the overall binary frequency is measured at\n",
"~15.5%+/-2%. However, this value should be considered a lower limit to the\n",
"true binary fraction within the specified separation and mass ratio ranges in\n",
"these clusters, given that complex and uncertain corrections for sensitivity\n",
"and completeness have not been applied.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical, infrared\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Photometry & Li abund. of cool dwarfs in M35\n",
"Short Name: J/AJ/156/37\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/aj/156/37\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"Hydra spectra of 85 G-K dwarfs in the young cluster M35 near the Li 6708 {AA}\n",
"line region are analyzed. From velocities and Gaia astrometry, 78 are likely\n",
"single-star members that, combined with previous work, produce 108 members\n",
"with T_eff_ ranging from 6150 to 4000 K as defined by multicolor, broadband\n",
"photometry, E(B-V)=0.20, and [Fe/H]=-0.15, though there are indications the\n",
"metallicity may be closer to solar. The Lithium abundance A(Li) follows a\n",
"well-delineated decline from 3.15 for the hottest stars to upper limits =<1.0\n",
"among the coolest dwarfs. Contrary to earlier work, M35 includes single stars\n",
"at systematically higher A(Li) than the mean cluster relation. This subset\n",
"exhibits higher V_ROT_ than the more Li-depleted sample and, from photometric\n",
"rotation periods, is dominated by stars classed as convective (C); all others\n",
"are interface (I) stars. The cool, high-Li rapid rotators (RRs) are consistent\n",
"with models that simultaneously consider rapid rotation and radius inflation;\n",
"RRs hotter than the Sun exhibit excess Li depletion, as predicted by the\n",
"models. The A(Li) distribution with color and rotation period, when compared\n",
"to the Hyades/Praesepe and the Pleiades, is consistent with gyrochronological\n",
"analysis placing M35's age between the older M34 and younger Pleiades.\n",
"However, the Pleiades display a more excessive range in A(Li) and rotation\n",
"period than M35 on the low-Li, slow-rotation side of the distribution, with\n",
"supposedly younger stars at a given T_eff_ in the Pleiades spinning slower,\n",
"with A(Li) reduced by more than a factor of four compared to M35.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: infrared, optical\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Candidates and members of the Pisces-Eridanus stream\n",
"Short Name: J/AJ/158/77\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/aj/158/77\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"Pisces-Eridanus (Psc-Eri), a nearby (d~80-226 pc) stellar stream stretching\n",
"across ~120{deg} of the sky, was recently discovered with Gaia data. The\n",
"stream was claimed to be ~1 Gyr old, which would make it an exceptional\n",
"discovery for stellar astrophysics, as star clusters of that age are rare and\n",
"tend to be distant, limiting their utility as benchmark samples. We test this\n",
"old age for Psc-Eri in two ways. First, we compare the rotation periods for\n",
"101 low-mass members (measured using time-series photometry from the\n",
"Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) to those of well-studied open clusters.\n",
"Second, we identify 34 new high-mass candidate members, including the notable\n",
"stars {lambda} Tauri (an Algol-type eclipsing binary) and HD 1160 (host to a\n",
"directly imaged object near the hydrogen-burning limit). We conduct an\n",
"isochronal analysis of the color-magnitude data for these highest-mass\n",
"members, again comparing our results to those for open clusters. Both analyses\n",
"show that the stream has an age consistent with that of the Pleiades, i.e.,\n",
"~120 Myr. This makes the Psc-Eri stream an exciting source of young\n",
"benchmarkable stars and, potentially, exoplanets located in a more diffuse\n",
"environment that is distinct from that of the Pleiades and of other dense star\n",
"clusters.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Taurus members & nonmembers with K2 data\n",
"Short Name: J/AJ/159/273\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/aj/159/273\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"We present an analysis of K2 light curves (LCs) from Campaigns 4 and 13 for\n",
"members of the young (~3Myr) Taurus association, in addition to an older\n",
"(~30Myr) population of stars that is largely in the foreground of the Taurus\n",
"molecular clouds. Out of 156 of the highest-confidence Taurus members, we find\n",
"that 81% are periodic. Our sample of young foreground stars is biased and\n",
"incomplete, but nearly all stars (37/38) are periodic. The overall\n",
"distribution of rotation rates as a function of color (a proxy for mass) is\n",
"similar to that found in other clusters: the slowest rotators are among the\n",
"early M spectral types, with faster rotation toward both earlier FGK and later\n",
"M types. The relationship between period and color/mass exhibited by older\n",
"clusters such as the Pleiades is already in place by Taurus age. The\n",
"foreground population has very few stars but is consistent with the USco and\n",
"Pleiades period distributions. As found in other young clusters, stars with\n",
"disks rotate on average slower, and few with disks are found rotating faster\n",
"than ~2days. The overall amplitude of the LCs decreases with age, and higher-\n",
"mass stars have generally lower amplitudes than lower-mass stars. Stars with\n",
"disks have on average larger amplitudes than stars without disks, though the\n",
"physical mechanisms driving the variability and the resulting LC morphologies\n",
"are also different between these two classes.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical, infrared\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Kinematic for ~5200 alpha Persei candidate members\n",
"Short Name: J/AJ/166/14\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/aj/166/14\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"On the pre-main sequence, the rotation rates of Sun-like stars are dictated by\n",
"the interplay between the protostellar disk and the star's contraction. At\n",
"ages exceeding 100Myr, magnetic spindown erases the initial stellar spin rate\n",
"and enables rotation-based age dating (gyrochronology). The exact time at\n",
"which the transition between these two regimes occurs depends on stellar mass,\n",
"and has been challenging to empirically resolve due to a lack of viable\n",
"calibration clusters. The {alpha}Persei open cluster (t~80Myr, d~170pc) may\n",
"provide the needed calibrator, but recent analyses of the Gaia data have\n",
"provided wildly varying views of its age and spatial extent. As such, we\n",
"analyze a combination of TESS, Gaia, and LAMOST data to calibrate\n",
"gyrochronology at the age of {alpha}Per and to uncover the cluster's true\n",
"morphology. By assembling a list of rotationally confirmed {alpha}Per members,\n",
"we provide strong evidence that {alpha}Per is part of a larger complex of\n",
"similarly aged stars. Through kinematic back-integration, we show that the\n",
"most diffuse components of {alpha}Per were five times closer together 50Myr\n",
"ago. Finally, we use our stellar rotation periods to derive a relative\n",
"gyrochronology age for {alpha}Per of 67%{+/-}12% the age of the Pleiades,\n",
"which yields 86{+/-}16Myr given current knowledge. We show that by this age,\n",
"stars more massive than ~0.8M{sun} have converged to form a well-defined slow\n",
"sequence.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"X-ray studies of stars in the Pleiades\n",
"Short Name: J/ApJ/348/557\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/apj/348/557\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"Coronal X-ray emission of the Pleiades stars is investigated, and maximum\n",
"likelihood, integral X-ray luminosity functions are computed for Pleiades\n",
"members in selected color-index ranges. A detailed search is conducted for\n",
"long-term variability in the X-ray emission of those stars observed more than\n",
"once. An overall comparison of the survey results with those of previous\n",
"surveys confirms the ubiquity of X-ray emission in the Pleiades cluster stars\n",
"and its higher rate of emission with respect to older stars. It is found that\n",
"the X-ray emission from dA and early dF stars cannot be proven to be\n",
"dissimilar to that of Hyades and field stars of the same spectral type. The\n",
"Pleiades cluster members show a real rise of the X-ray luminosity from dA\n",
"stars to early dF stars. X-ray emission for the young, solar-like Pleiades\n",
"stars is about two orders of magnitude more intense than for the nearby solar-\n",
"like stars.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: x-ray\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"HST observations of low-mass stars in IC 348\n",
"Short Name: J/ApJ/541/977\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/apj/541/977\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"We investigate the low-mass population of the young cluster IC 348 down to the\n",
"deuterium-burning limit, a fiducial boundary between brown dwarf and planetary\n",
"mass objects, using a new and innovative method for the spectral\n",
"classification of late-type objects. Using photometric indices, constructed\n",
"from HST/NICMOS narrowband imaging, that measure the strength of the 1.9{mu}m\n",
"water band, we determine the spectral type and reddening for every M-type star\n",
"in the field, thereby separating cluster members from the interloper\n",
"population. Due to the efficiency of our spectral classification technique,\n",
"our study is complete from ~0.7 to 0.015M_{sun}_. The mass function derived\n",
"for the cluster in this interval, dN/dlogM{prop.to}M^0.5^, is similar to that\n",
"obtained for the Pleiades, but appears significantly more abundant in brown\n",
"dwarfs than the mass function for companions to nearby Sunlike stars. This\n",
"provides compelling observational evidence for different formation and\n",
"evolutionary histories for substellar objects formed in isolation versus as\n",
"companions. Because our determination of the IMF is complete to very low\n",
"masses, we can place interesting constraints on the role of physical processes\n",
"such as fragmentation in the star and planet formation process and the\n",
"fraction of dark matter in the Galactic halo that resides in substellar\n",
"objects.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical, infrared\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Stellar rotation in M35\n",
"Short Name: J/ApJ/695/679\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/apj/695/679\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"We present the results of a five month photometric time-series survey for\n",
"stellar rotation over a 40'x40' field centered on the 150Myr open cluster M35\n",
"(=NGC 2168). We report rotation periods for 441 stars within this field and\n",
"determine their cluster membership and binarity based on a decade-long radial\n",
"velocity survey, proper-motion measurements, and multiband photometric\n",
"observations. We find that 310 of the stars with measured rotation periods are\n",
"late-type members of M35. The distribution of rotation periods for cluster\n",
"members span more than 2 orders of magnitude from ~0.1 to 15 days, not\n",
"constrained by the sampling frequency and the timespan of the survey. With an\n",
"age between the zero-age main sequence and the Hyades, and with ~6 times more\n",
"rotation periods than measured in the Pleiades, M35 permit detailed studies of\n",
"early rotational evolution of late-type stars. Nearly 80% of the 310 rotators\n",
"lie on two distinct sequences in the color-period plane, and define clear\n",
"relations between stellar rotation period and color (mass). The M35 color-\n",
"period diagram enables us to determine timescales for the transition between\n",
"the two rotational states, of ~60Myr and ~140Myr for G and K dwarfs,\n",
"respectively.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical, infrared\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"IN-SYNC. I. APOGEE stellar parameters\n",
"Short Name: J/ApJ/794/125\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/apj/794/125\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"Over two years, 8859 high-resolution H-band spectra of 3493 young (1-10Myr)\n",
"stars were gathered by the multi-object spectrograph of the APOGEE project as\n",
"part of the IN-SYNC ancillary program of the SDSS-III survey. Here we present\n",
"the forward modeling approach used to derive effective temperatures, surface\n",
"gravities, radial velocities, rotational velocities, and H-band veiling from\n",
"these near-infrared spectra. We discuss in detail the statistical and\n",
"systematic uncertainties in these stellar parameters. In addition, we present\n",
"accurate extinctions by measuring the E(J-H) of these young stars with respect\n",
"to the single-star photometric locus in the Pleiades. Finally, we identify an\n",
"intrinsic stellar radius spread of about 25% for late-type stars in IC 348\n",
"using three (nearly) independent measures of stellar radius, namely, the\n",
"extinction-corrected J-band magnitude, the surface gravity, and the Rsini from\n",
"the rotational velocities and literature rotation periods. We exclude that\n",
"this spread is caused by uncertainties in the stellar parameters by showing\n",
"that the three estimators of stellar radius are correlated, so that brighter\n",
"stars tend to have lower surface gravities and larger Rsini than fainter stars\n",
"at the same effective temperature.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: infrared, optical\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Spitzer 3.6 and 4.5um monitoring of 5 stars\n",
"Short Name: J/ApJ/805/77\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/apj/805/77\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"Luminous debris disks of warm dust in the terrestrial planet zones around\n",
"solar-like stars were recently found to vary, which is indicative of ongoing\n",
"large-scale collisions of rocky objects. We use Spitzer 3.6 and 4.5um time-\n",
"series observations in 2012 and 2013 (extended to 2014 in one case) to monitor\n",
"five more debris disks with unusually high fractional luminosities (\"extreme\n",
"debris disk\"), including P1121 in the open cluster M47 (80 Myr), HD15407A in\n",
"the AB Dor moving group (80Myr), HD 23514 in the Pleiades (120Myr), HD145263\n",
"in the Upper Sco Association (10Myr), and the field star BD+20 307 (>~1Gyr).\n",
"Together with the published results for ID8 in NGC2547 (35Myr), this makes the\n",
"first systematic time-domain investigation of planetary impacts outside the\n",
"solar system. Significant variations with timescales shorter than a year are\n",
"detected in five out of the six extreme debris disks we monitored. However,\n",
"different systems show diverse sets of characteristics in the time domain,\n",
"including long-term decay or growth, disk temperature variations, and possible\n",
"periodicity.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: infrared\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"PTF stellar rotation periods for Pleiades members\n",
"Short Name: J/ApJ/822/81\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/apj/822/81\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"Stellar rotation periods (P_rot_) measured in open clusters have proved to be\n",
"extremely useful for studying stars' angular momentum content and rotationally\n",
"driven magnetic activity, which are both age- and mass-dependent processes.\n",
"While P_rot_ measurements have been obtained for hundreds of solar-mass\n",
"members of the Pleiades, measurements exist for only a few low-mass (<0.5\n",
"M_{sun}_) members of this key laboratory for stellar evolution theory. To fill\n",
"this gap, we report P_rot_ for 132 low-mass Pleiades members (including nearly\n",
"100 with M=<0.45 M_{sun}_), measured from photometric monitoring of the\n",
"cluster conducted by the Palomar Transient Factory in late 2011 and early\n",
"2012. These periods extend the portrait of stellar rotation at 125 Myr to the\n",
"lowest-mass stars and re-establish the Pleiades as a key benchmark for models\n",
"of the transport and evolution of stellar angular momentum. Combining our new\n",
"P_rot_ with precise BVIJHK photometry reported by Stauffer et al. (2007,\n",
"J/ApJS/172/663) and Kamai et al. (2014, J/AJ/148/30), we investigate known\n",
"anomalies in the photometric properties of K and M Pleiades members. We\n",
"confirm the correlation detected by Kamai et al. between a star's P_rot_ and\n",
"position relative to the main sequence in the cluster's color-magnitude\n",
"diagram. We find that rapid rotators have redder (V-K) colors than slower\n",
"rotators at the same V, indicating that rapid and slow rotators have different\n",
"binary frequencies and/or photospheric properties. We find no difference in\n",
"the photometric amplitudes of rapid and slow rotators, indicating that\n",
"asymmetries in the longitudinal distribution of starspots do not scale grossly\n",
"with rotation rate.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical, infrared\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Praesepe members with K2 light curve data\n",
"Short Name: J/ApJ/839/92\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/apj/839/92\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"We have Fourier-analyzed 941 K2 light curves (LCs) of likely members of\n",
"Praesepe, measuring periods for 86% and increasing the number of rotation\n",
"periods (P) by nearly a factor of four. The distribution of P versus (V-Ks), a\n",
"mass proxy, has three different regimes: (V-Ks)<1.3, where the rotation rate\n",
"rapidly slows as mass decreases; 1.3<(V-Ks)<4.5, where the rotation rate slows\n",
"more gradually as mass decreases; and (V-Ks)>4.5, where the rotation rate\n",
"rapidly increases as mass decreases. In this last regime, there is a bimodal\n",
"distribution of periods, with few between ~2 and ~10 days. We interpret this\n",
"to mean that once M stars start to slow down, they do so rapidly. The K2\n",
"period-color distribution in Praesepe (~790Myr) is much different than that in\n",
"the Pleiades (~125Myr) for late F, G, K, and early-M stars; the overall\n",
"distribution moves to longer periods and is better described by two line\n",
"segments. For mid-M stars, the relationship has a similarly broad scatter and\n",
"is steeper in Praesepe. The diversity of LCs and of periodogram types is\n",
"similar in the two clusters; about a quarter of the periodic stars in both\n",
"clusters have multiple significant periods. Multi- periodic stars dominate\n",
"among the higher masses, starting at a bluer color in Praesepe ((V-Ks)~1.5)\n",
"than in the Pleiades ((V-Ks)~2.6). In Praesepe, there are relatively more LCs\n",
"that have two widely separated periods, {Delta}P>6days. Some of these could be\n",
"examples of M star binaries where one star has spun down but the other has\n",
"not.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"PS1 proper-motion survey for brown dwarfs. I. Taurus\n",
"Short Name: J/ApJ/858/41\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/apj/858/41\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"We are conducting a proper-motion survey for young brown dwarfs in the Taurus-\n",
"Auriga molecular cloud based on the Pan-STARRS1 3{pi} Survey. Our search uses\n",
"multi-band photometry and astrometry to select candidates, and is wider\n",
"(370deg^2^) and deeper (down to ~3M_Jup_) than previous searches. We present\n",
"here our search methods and spectroscopic follow-up of our high-priority\n",
"candidates. Since extinction complicates spectral classification, we have\n",
"developed a new approach using low-resolution (R~100) near-infrared spectra to\n",
"quantify reddening-free spectral types, extinctions, and gravity\n",
"classifications for mid-M to late-L ultracool dwarfs (<=100-3M_Jup_ in\n",
"Taurus). We have discovered 25 low-gravity (VL-G) and the first 11\n",
"intermediate-gravity (INT-G) substellar (M6-L1) members of Taurus,\n",
"constituting the largest single increase of Taurus brown dwarfs to date. We\n",
"have also discovered 1 new Pleiades member and 13 new members of the Perseus\n",
"OB2 association, including a candidate very wide separation (58kau) binary. We\n",
"homogeneously reclassify the spectral types and extinctions of all previously\n",
"known Taurus brown dwarfs. Altogether our discoveries have thus far increased\n",
"the substellar census in Taurus by ~40% and added three more L-type members\n",
"(<~5-10M_Jup_). Most notably, our discoveries reveal an older (>10Myr) low-\n",
"mass population in Taurus, in accord with recent studies of the higher-mass\n",
"stellar members. The mass function appears to differ between the younger and\n",
"older Taurus populations, possibly due to incompleteness of the older stellar\n",
"members or different star formation processes.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical, infrared\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Sp. obs. of rapidly rotating stars in the Pleiades\n",
"Short Name: J/ApJ/901/91\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/apj/901/91\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"Radial velocities for the early-type stars in the Pleiades cluster have always\n",
"been challenging to measure because of the significant rotational broadening\n",
"of the spectral lines. The large scatter in published velocities has led to\n",
"claims that many are spectroscopic binaries, and in several cases, preliminary\n",
"orbital solutions have been proposed. To investigate these claims, we obtained\n",
"and report here velocity measurements for 33 rapidly rotating B, A, and early\n",
"F stars in the Pleiades region, improving significantly on the precision of\n",
"the historical velocities for most objects. With one or two exceptions, we do\n",
"not confirm any of the previous claims of variability, and we also rule out\n",
"all four of the previously published orbital solutions, for HD 22637, HD\n",
"23302, HD 23338, and HD 23410. We do find HD 22637 to be a binary but with a\n",
"different period (71.8d). HD 23338 is likely a binary as well, with a\n",
"preliminary 8.7yr period also different from the one published. Additionally,\n",
"we report a 3635d orbit for HD 24899, another new spectroscopic binary in the\n",
"cluster. From the 32 bona fide members in our sample, we determine a mean\n",
"radial velocity for the Pleiades of 5.79+/-0.24km/s, or 5.52+/-0.31km/s when\n",
"objects with known visual companions are excluded. Adding these astrometric\n",
"binaries to the new spectroscopic ones, we find a lower limit to the binary\n",
"fraction among the B and A stars of 37%. In addition to the velocities, we\n",
"measure vsini for all stars, ranging between 69 and 317km/s.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"The {mu}Tau Association (MUTA)\n",
"Short Name: J/ApJ/903/96\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/apj/903/96\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"We present an analysis of the newly identified {mu}Tau Association (MUTA) of\n",
"young stars at ~150pc from the Sun that is part of the large Cas-Tau\n",
"structure, coeval and comoving with the {alpha}Persei cluster. This\n",
"association is also located in the vicinity of the Taurus-Auriga star-forming\n",
"region and the Pleiades association, although it is unrelated to them. We\n",
"identify more than 500 candidate members of MUTA using Gaia DR2 data and the\n",
"BANYAN {Sigma} tool, and we determine an age of 62{+/-}7Myr for its population\n",
"based on an empirical comparison of its color-magnitude diagram sequence with\n",
"those of other nearby young associations. The MUTA association is related to\n",
"the Theia 160 group of Kounkel & Covey and corresponds to the e Tau group of\n",
"Liu et al. It is also part of the Cas-Tau group of Blaauw. As part of this\n",
"analysis, we introduce an iterative method based on spectral templates to\n",
"perform an accurate correction of interstellar extinction of Gaia DR2\n",
"photometry, needed because of its wide photometric bandpasses. We show that\n",
"the members of MUTA display an expected increased rate of stellar activity and\n",
"faster rotation rates compared with older stars, and that literature\n",
"measurements of the lithium equivalent width of nine G0- to K3-type members\n",
"are consistent with our age determination. We show that the present- day mass\n",
"function of MUTA is consistent with other known nearby young associations. We\n",
"identify WD0340+103 as a hot, massive white dwarf remnant of a B2 member that\n",
"left its planetary nebula phase only 270000yr ago, posing an independent age\n",
"constraint of 60_-6_^+8^ Myr for MUTA, consistent with our isochrone age. This\n",
"relatively large collection of comoving young stars near the Sun indicates\n",
"that more work is required to unveil the full kinematic structure of the\n",
"complex of young stars surrounding {alpha} Persei and Cas-Tau.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical, infrared\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"K2 LCs analysis of Sun-like stars in the Pleiades\n",
"Short Name: J/ApJ/916/66\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/apj/916/66\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"We analyze space-based time-series photometry of Sun-like stars, mostly in the\n",
"Pleiades, but also field stars and the Sun itself. We focus on timescales\n",
"between roughly 1hr and 1day. In the corresponding frequency band these stars\n",
"display brightness fluctuations with a decreasing power-law continuous\n",
"spectrum. K2 and Kepler observations show that the rms flicker due to this\n",
"mid-frequency continuum (MFC) can reach almost 1%, approaching the modulation\n",
"amplitude from active regions. The MFC amplitude varies by a factor up to 40\n",
"among Pleiades members with similar Teff, depending mainly on the stellar\n",
"Rossby number Ro. For Ro<=0.04, the mean amplitude is roughly constant at\n",
"about 0.4%; at larger Ro the amplitude decreases rapidly, shrinking by about\n",
"two orders of magnitude for Ro~1. Among stars, the MFC amplitude correlates\n",
"poorly with that of modulation from rotating active regions. Among field stars\n",
"observed for 3yr by Kepler, the quarterly average modulation amplitudes from\n",
"active regions are much more time variable than the quarterly MFC amplitudes.\n",
"We argue that the process causing the MFC is largely magnetic in nature and\n",
"that its power-law spectrum comes from magnetic processes distinct from the\n",
"star's global dynamo, with shorter timescales. By analogy with solar\n",
"phenomena, we hypothesize that the MFC arises from a (sometimes energetic)\n",
"variant of the solar magnetic network, perhaps combined with rotation-related\n",
"changes in the morphology of supergranules.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical, infrared\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"43yr spectrosc. monitoring of the Pleiades region\n",
"Short Name: J/ApJ/921/117\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/apj/921/117\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"We present the results of a spectroscopic monitoring program of the Pleiades\n",
"region aimed at completing the census of spectroscopic binaries in the\n",
"cluster, extending it to longer periods than previously reachable. We gathered\n",
"6104 spectra of 377 stars between 1981 and 2021, and merged our radial\n",
"velocities with 1151 measurements from an independent survey by others started\n",
"three years earlier. With the combined data spanning more than 43yr, we have\n",
"determined orbits for some 30 new binary and multiple systems, more than\n",
"doubling the number previously known in the Pleiades. The longest period is\n",
"36.5yr. A dozen additional objects display long-term trends in their\n",
"velocities, implying even longer periods. We examine the collection of orbital\n",
"elements for cluster members, and find that the shape of the incompleteness-\n",
"corrected distribution of periods (up to 104 days) is similar to that of\n",
"solar-type binaries in the field, while that of the eccentricities is\n",
"different. The mass-ratio distribution is consistent with being flat. The\n",
"binary frequency in the Pleiades for periods up to 104 days is 25%+/-3% after\n",
"corrections for undetected binaries, which is nearly double that of the field\n",
"up to the same period. The total binary frequency including known astrometric\n",
"binaries is at least 57%. We estimate the internal radial velocity dispersion\n",
"in the cluster to be 0.48+/-0.04km/s. We revisit the determination of the\n",
"tidal circularization period, and confirm its value to be 7.2+/-1.0d, with an\n",
"improved precision compared to an earlier estimate.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Pleiades members & escapee candidates with Gaia EDR3\n",
"Short Name: J/ApJ/926/132\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/apj/926/132\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"We search through an eight million cubic parsec volume surrounding the\n",
"Pleiades star cluster and the Sun to identify both the current and past\n",
"members of the Pleiades cluster within the Gaia EDR3 data set. We find nearly\n",
"1300 current cluster members and 289 former cluster candidates. Many of these\n",
"candidates lie well in front of or behind the cluster from our point of view,\n",
"so formerly they were considered cluster members, but their parallaxes put\n",
"them more than 10pc from the center of the cluster today. Over the past 100Myr\n",
"we estimate that the cluster has lost twenty percent of its mass including two\n",
"massive white dwarf stars and the {alpha}^2^ Canum Venaticorum type variable\n",
"star, 41 Tau. All three white dwarfs associated with the cluster are massive\n",
"(1.01-1.06M _{sun}_) and have progenitors with main-sequence masses of about\n",
"six solar masses. Although we did not associate any giant stars with the\n",
"cluster, the cooling time of the oldest white dwarf of 60Myr gives a firm\n",
"lower limit on the age of the cluster.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"ROSAT Observations of the Pleiades\n",
"Short Name: J/ApJS/102/75\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/apjs/102/75\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"Of 214 stars in the core of the Pleiades, 99 were detected in X-rays with the\n",
"ROSAT PSPC. This catalog lists the characteristics of the stars taken from the\n",
"literature, in table1.dat and the rotational and X-ray characteristics in\n",
"table5.dat. Introduction: The nucleus of the composite catalog used in this\n",
"study is the catalog compiled from the published literature for the Einstein\n",
"investigations of the Pleiades (Micela et al. 1990). This list has been\n",
"extended by the results of recent surveys to a completeness limit of visual\n",
"magnitude about 18.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: x-ray, optical\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Infrared observations of the Pleiades\n",
"Short Name: J/ApJS/172/663\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/apjs/172/663\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"We make use of new near- and mid-IR photometry of the Pleiades cluster in\n",
"order to help identify proposed cluster members. We also use the new\n",
"photometry with previously published photometry to define the single-star\n",
"main-sequence locus at the age of the Pleiades in a variety of color-magnitude\n",
"planes. The new near- and mid-IR photometry extend effectively 2 mag deeper\n",
"than the 2MASS All-Sky Point Source catalog, and hence allow us to select a\n",
"new set of candidate very low-mass and substellar mass members of the Pleiades\n",
"in the central square degree of the cluster. We identify 42 new candidate\n",
"members fainter than K_s_=14 (corresponding to 0.1M_{sun}_). These candidate\n",
"members should eventually allow a better estimate of the cluster mass function\n",
"to be made down to of order 0.04M_{sun}_. We also use new IRAC data, in\n",
"particular the images obtained at 8um, in order to comment briefly on\n",
"interstellar dust in and near the Pleiades.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"KPNO spectroscopy of G & K dwarfs HIP stars\n",
"Short Name: J/ApJS/222/19\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/apjs/222/19\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"The tension between the Hipparcos parallax of the Pleiades and other\n",
"independent distance estimates continues even after the new reduction of the\n",
"Hipparcos astrometric data and the development of a new geometric distance\n",
"measurement for the cluster. A short Pleiades distance from the Hipparcos\n",
"parallax predicts a number of stars in the solar neighborhood that are sub-\n",
"luminous at a given photospheric abundance. We test this hypothesis using the\n",
"spectroscopic abundances for a subset of stars in the Hipparcos catalog, which\n",
"occupy the same region as the Pleiades in the color-magnitude diagram. We\n",
"derive stellar parameters for 170 nearby G- and K-type field dwarfs in the\n",
"Hipparcos catalog based on high-resolution spectra obtained using KPNO 4m\n",
"echelle spectrograph. Our analysis shows that, when the Hipparcos parallaxes\n",
"are adopted, most of our sample stars follow empirical color-magnitude\n",
"relations. A small fraction of stars are too faint compared to main-sequence\n",
"fitting relations by {Delta}M_V_>~0.3mag, but the differences are marginal at\n",
"a 2{sigma} level, partly due to relatively large parallax errors. On the other\n",
"hand, we find that the photometric distances of stars showing signatures of\n",
"youth as determined from lithium absorption line strengths and R'_HK_\n",
"chromospheric activity indices are consistent with the Hipparcos parallaxes.\n",
"Our result is contradictory to a suggestion that the Pleiades distance from\n",
"main-sequence fitting is significantly altered by stellar activity and/or the\n",
"young age of its stars, and provides an additional supporting evidence for the\n",
"long-distance scale of the Pleiades.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"NGC 6649 UBV photometry\n",
"Short Name: J/MNRAS/224/61\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/mnras/224/61\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"A colour magnitude diagram to V=20 is given for 395 stars in the heavily\n",
"reddened open cluster NGC 6649. The absorption-corrected distance modulus is\n",
"11.00+/-0.15mag (1585+/-110pc) assuming R(OB)=3.27+/-0.10 for NGC 6649 and\n",
"based on a ZAMS with zero point referenced to a Pleiades distance modulus of\n",
"5.56mag. The range of reddening over the 5arcmin diameter of the cluster is\n",
"{DELTA}E(B-V)=0.3mag. NGC 6649 contains the double mode Cepheid V367 Sct,\n",
"which has =-3.80+/-0.06 and -=0.58+/-0.02.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Pleiades low-mass stars and brown dwarfs\n",
"Short Name: J/MNRAS/313/347\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/mnras/313/347\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"We present the results of a six-square-degree Pleiades survey in I and Z,\n",
"which is photometrically complete to approximately I_KP_=19.2mag (I_C_=19.6 in\n",
"the Pleiades). We remove non-cluster contamination on the basis of proper\n",
"motions and infrared photometry, and present 339 candidate cluster members, 30\n",
"of which are fainter than I_KP_=17.5, and are thus strong brown-dwarf\n",
"candidates.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"BVI photometry of NGC 2547\n",
"Short Name: J/MNRAS/335/291\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/mnras/335/291\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"We have developed the techniques required to use Naylor's optimal photometry\n",
"algorithm of to create colour-magnitude diagrams with well-defined\n",
"completeness functions. To achieve this we first demonstrate that the optimal\n",
"extraction is insensitive to uncertainties in the measured position of the\n",
"star. We then show how to correct the optimally extracted fluxes such that\n",
"they correspond to those measured in a large aperture, so aperture photometry\n",
"of standard stars can be used to place the measurements on a standard system.\n",
"The technique simultaneously removes the effects of a position-dependent point\n",
"spread function. Finally, we develop a method called 'ghosting', which\n",
"calculates the completeness corrections in the absence of an accurate\n",
"description of the point spread function. We apply these techniques to the\n",
"young cluster NGC 2547 (=C0809-491), and use an X-ray-selected sample to find\n",
"an age of 20-35Myr and an intrinsic distance modulus of 8.00-8.15mag. We use\n",
"these isochrones to select members from our photometric surveys. Our derived\n",
"luminosity function shows a well-defined Wielen dip, making NGC 2547 the\n",
"youngest cluster in which such a feature has been observed. Our derived mass\n",
"function spans the range 0.1-6M_{sun}_ and is similar to that for the field\n",
"and the older, more massive clusters M35 and the Pleiades, supporting the idea\n",
"of a universal initial mass function.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical, infrared\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Low-mass stars in M45 and M44\n",
"Short Name: J/MNRAS/342/1241\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/mnras/342/1241\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"We present near-infrared J-, H- and K-band photometry and optical spectroscopy\n",
"of low-mass star and brown dwarf (BD) candidates in the Pleiades and Praesepe\n",
"open clusters. We flag non-members from their position in K, I-K and J, J-K\n",
"colour-magnitude diagrams (CMDs), and J-H, H-K two-colour diagrams.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: infrared\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"HATNet Pleiades Rotation Period Catalogue\n",
"Short Name: J/MNRAS/408/475\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/mnras/408/475\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"Using data from the Hungarian-made Automated Telescope Network (HATNet) survey\n",
"for transiting exoplanets, we measure photometric rotation periods for 368\n",
"Pleiades stars with 0.4~0.25M_{sun}_) stars. Models\n",
"incorporating magnetic inhibition of convection predict an overradius, but do\n",
"not reproduce this mass dependence unless superequipartition surface magnetic\n",
"fields are present at lower masses. Models incorporating flux blocking by\n",
"starspots can explain the mass dependence but there is no evidence that spot\n",
"coverage diminishes between the Pleiades and Praesepe samples to accompany the\n",
"decline in overradius. The fastest rotating stars in both Praesepe and the\n",
"Pleiades are significantly smaller than the slowest rotators for which a\n",
"projected radius can be measured. This may be a selection effect caused by\n",
"more efficient angular momentum loss in larger stars leading to their\n",
"progressive exclusion from the analysed samples. Our analyses assume random\n",
"spin-axis orientations; any alignment in Praesepe, as suggested by Kovacs, is\n",
"strongly disfavoured by the broad distribution of projected radii.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"NGTS clusters survey - I. Rotation in Blanco 1\n",
"Short Name: J/MNRAS/492/1008\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/mnras/492/1008\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"We determine rotation periods for 127 stars in the ~115-Myr-old Blanco 1 open\n",
"cluster using ~200d of photometric monitoring with the Next Generation Transit\n",
"Survey. These stars span F5-M3 spectral types (1.2M_{sun}_>~M>~0.3M_{sun}_)\n",
"and increase the number of known rotation periods in Blanco 1 by a factor of\n",
"four. We determine rotation periods using three methods: Gaussian process (GP)\n",
"regression, generalized autocorrelation function (G-ACF), and Lomb-Scargle\n",
"(LS) periodogram, and find that the GP and G-ACF methods are more applicable\n",
"to evolving spot modulation patterns. Between mid-F and mid-K spectral types,\n",
"single stars follow a well-defined rotation sequence from ~2 to 10d, whereas\n",
"stars in photometric multiple systems typically rotate faster. This may\n",
"suggest that the presence of a moderate-to-high mass ratio companion inhibits\n",
"angular momentum loss mechanisms during the early pre-main sequence, and this\n",
"signature has not been erased at ~100Myr. The majority of mid-F to mid-K stars\n",
"display evolving modulation patterns, whereas most M stars show stable\n",
"modulation signals. This morphological change coincides with the shift from a\n",
"well-defined rotation sequence (mid-F to mid-K stars) to a broad rotation\n",
"period distribution (late-K and M stars). Finally, we compare our rotation\n",
"results for Blanco 1 to the similarly aged Pleiades: the single-star\n",
"populations in both clusters possess consistent rotation period distributions,\n",
"which suggests that the angular momentum evolution of stars follows a well-\n",
"defined pathway that is, at least for mid-F to mid-K stars, strongly imprinted\n",
"by ~100Myr.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Gaia stars with GALEX NUV excess\n",
"Short Name: J/other/RMxAA/53\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/other/rmxaa/53.439\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"Accurate parallaxes from Gaia DR1 (TGAS) are combined with GALEX visual Nuv\n",
"magnitudes to produce absolute MNUV magnitudes and an ultraviolet HR diagram\n",
"for a large sample of astrometric stars. A functional fit is derived of the\n",
"lower envelope main sequence of the nearest 1403 stars (distance <40pc), which\n",
"should be reddening-free. Using this empirical fit, 50 nearby stars are\n",
"selected with significant Nuv excess. These are predominantly late K and early\n",
"M dwarfs, often associated with X-ray sources, and showing other\n",
"manifestations of magnetic activity. The sample may include systems with\n",
"hidden white dwarfs, stars younger than the Pleiades, or, most likely, tight\n",
"interacting binaries of the BY Dra-type. A separate collection of 40 stars\n",
"with precise trigonometric parallaxes and Nuv-G colors bluer than 2mag is\n",
"presented. It includes several known novae, white dwarfs, and binaries with\n",
"hot subdwarf (sdOB) components, but most remain unexplored.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: uv\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"On the evolution of angular momentum\n",
"Short Name: J/other/RMxAA/56\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/other/rmxaa/56.139\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"Selecting the best quality data, I find that nearly all 0.5 to 1.2M_{sun}_\n",
"main sequence stars converge to a single rotational mass dependent sequence\n",
"after 750Myr; when the mass is larger than 0.8M_{sun}_, most of them converge\n",
"in ~120Myr. If stars rotate as rigid bodies, the angular momentum of the vast\n",
"majority is within clearly outlined bounds. The lower boundary defines a\n",
"terminal main sequence rotational isochrone, the upper one coincides with slow\n",
"rotators from the Pleiades and stars from Praesepe delineate a third one. Mass\n",
"dependent exponential relationships between angular momentum and age are\n",
"determined from these isochrones. Age estimates based on the angular momentum,\n",
"are acceptable in middle aged stars older than 750Myr and more massive than\n",
"0.6-0.7M_{sun}_. The evolution of the Rossby number indicates that the Parker\n",
"dynamo may cease early on in stars where M/M_{sun}_>=1.1. An empirical formula\n",
"for the torque, an idealized model for it and a relation between rotational\n",
"period and magnetic field, lead to a formula for the evolution of the mass\n",
"loss rate, predicting that the present solar rate is close to a minimum and\n",
"that it was around five times more vigorous when life on Earth started.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage:\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Subaru NIR obs. of Pleiades stars in SEEDS survey\n",
"Short Name: J/PASJ/68/92\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/pasj/68/92\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"We find a new substellar companion to the Pleiades member star, Pleiades HII\n",
"3441, using the Subaru telescope with adaptive optics. The discovery is made\n",
"as part of the high-contrast imaging survey to search for planetary-mass and\n",
"substellar companions in the Pleiades and young moving groups. The companion\n",
"has a projected separation of 0.49+/-0.02 (66+/-2au) and a mass of 68+/-5MJ\n",
"based on three observations in the J-, H-, and Ks-bands. The spectral type is\n",
"estimated to be M7 (~2700K), and thus no methane absorption is detected in the\n",
"H band. Our Pleiades observations result in the detection of two substellar\n",
"companions including one previously reported among 20 observed Pleiades stars,\n",
"and indicate that the fraction of substellar companions in the Pleiades is\n",
"about 10.0^+26.1^_-8.8_%. This is consistent with multiplicity studies of both\n",
"the Pleiades stars and other open clusters.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical, infrared\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Photometric rotation periods of stars in {alpha} Per\n",
"Short Name: V/140\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/v/140\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"We present the results from a photometric monitoring program of primarily\n",
"solar-type open cluster stars obtained during 1994 and 1995. Several members\n",
"of the {alpha} Persei cluster have been monitored and the corresponding\n",
"relation between coronal x-ray activity and rotation period derived. The\n",
"relation among mid-G/K type members illustrates both the previously noticed\n",
"downturn in L_X_/L_bol_ at high rotation rates and the sharp decrease in\n",
"coronal activity at long rotation periods as seen among Pleiades stars.\n",
"Intensive observation of one slowly rotating G-type member of IC 4665 has\n",
"enabled a period determination of 8-10 days to be made and illustrates the\n",
"need for (and limitations of) high quality observations.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"Low-Mass Stars' Membership in Alpha Persei Cluster\n",
"Short Name: V/80\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/v/80\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"This catalog contains the tabulated results of a combined astrometric,\n",
"photometric, and spectroscopic search for low-mass members in the\n",
"intermediate-age open cluster Alpha Persei. It contains information on 132 new\n",
"members and likely members, and 16 uncertain members of Alpha Per. The new\n",
"membership information suggested to the author a revised age of the cluster to\n",
"approximately 8x10+7yr. Tabulated data include AP number, VBI photometry, 1950\n",
"coordinates, relative proper motions with errors, H-alpha equivalent widths,\n",
"and spectral type. Included are the individual membership determinations,\n",
"based on H-alpha emission, spectral type, and echelle spectra data. The\n",
"photometric data were obtained with the Lick Obs. 1-m Nickel Telescope using a\n",
"TI 500x500 pixel CCD in B, V, and I bands. Low dispersion CCD spectra centered\n",
"on H-alpha for candidates whose V-I photometry indicated likely membership\n",
"using the Lick 1-m Nickel and 3-m Shane telescopes. High-dispersion echelle\n",
"spectra were obtained for many bright candidates using the Hamilton echelle\n",
"spectrographic with the Shane and Coude auxiliary telescopes. Introduction:\n",
"van den Bergh & Sher (1960) found from studying several open clusters that in\n",
"general the faint end of the cluster luminosity function decreased or remained\n",
"constant down to the level of observation. If true, the observed cluster\n",
"luminosity functions are unable to account for the luminosity function of\n",
"nearby field stars which increases to faint magnitudes. One possible solution\n",
"is that additional unidentified low-mass stars exist in most (or all) open\n",
"clusters. Recent studies in the Hyades (Weis & Hanson 1988AJ.....96..148W,\n",
"Griffin et al. 1988AJ.....96..172G, Stauffer 1982AJ.....87..899S), Pleiades\n",
"(Stauffer et al. 1991AJ....101..980S, Prosser et al. 1991AJ....101.1361P), and\n",
"Praesepe (Mermilliod et al. 1990A&A...235..114M, Jones & Stauffer\n",
"1991AJ....102.1080J) have identified faint candidate members. It is the aim of\n",
"this study to determine the existence, and some of the properties, of the low-\n",
"mass membership in the open cluster Alpha Persei. Alpha Per was chosen for\n",
"study because of the limited information on low-mass membership, because it is\n",
"nearby (which enables both proper motion analysis and observation of low-mass\n",
"candidates), because no other clusters of the same relatively youthful age\n",
"have been studied completely, and because of the existence of the photographic\n",
"plate material needed for the proper motion analysis. After a brief review of\n",
"the history and previous work in this cluster, the proper motion survey of\n",
"this study is described. This is accompanied by a description of the CCD\n",
"photometry and spectroscopy programs employed to aid in identifying cluster\n",
"members. A review of current information on previous members and possible\n",
"members is also given, followed by a section presenting the new members and\n",
"candidate members found in this study. An analysis of some cluster properties\n",
"including luminosity function, age, spatial distribution of members,\n",
"reddening, H-alpha emission strengths, and rotational velocity distribution is\n",
"presented. Finally, the last section provides a general review of the results\n",
"found in Alpha Per.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"NGC 2516 Cluster XMM-Newton X-Ray Point Source Catalog\n",
"Short Name: NGC2516XMM\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://nasa.heasarc/ngc2516xmm\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/xamin/vo/tap\n",
"\n",
"This table contains the results from a deep X-ray survey of the young (~ 140\n",
"Myr), rich open cluster NGC 2516 obtained with the EPIC camera on board the\n",
"XMM-Newton satellite. By combining the data from six observations, a high\n",
"sensitivity, greater than a factor of 5 with respect to recent Chandra\n",
"observations, has been achieved. Kaplan-Meier estimators of the cumulative\n",
"X-ray luminosity distribution, statistically corrected for non-member\n",
"contaminants, were built by the authors and compared to those of the nearly\n",
"coeval Pleiades cluster. 431 X-ray sources were detected, and 234 of them have\n",
"as optical counterparts cluster stars spanning the entire NGC 2516 main\n",
"sequence. On the basis of X-ray emission and optical photometry, 20 new\n",
"candidate members of the cluster have been identified; at the same time there\n",
"are 49 X-ray sources without known optical or infrared counterpart. The X-ray\n",
"luminosities of cluster stars span the range log Lx (erg\n",
"s-1) = 28.4 - 30.8. The representative coronal temperatures span\n",
"the 0.3 - 0.6 keV (3.5 - 8 MK) range for the cool component and 1.0 - 2.0 keV\n",
"(12 - 23 MK) for the hot one; similar values were found in other young open\n",
"clusters like the Pleiades, IC 2391, and Blanco 1. While no significant\n",
"differences were found in their X-ray spectra, NGC 2516 solar-type stars are\n",
"definitely less luminous in X-rays than their nearly coeval Pleiades\n",
"counterparts. The comparison with a previous ROSAT survey reveals the lack of\n",
"variability amplitudes larger than a factor of 2 in solar-type cluster stars\n",
"in a ~ 11 yr time scale, and thus activity cycles like in the Sun are probably\n",
"absent or have a different period and amplitude in young stars. NGC 2516 has\n",
"been observed several times with XMM-Newton during the first two years of\n",
"satellite operations for calibration purposes. The observations used in this\n",
"analysis span a period of 19 months with exposure times between 10 and 20 ks.\n",
"All of these observations have been performed with the thick filter. In the\n",
"combined EPIC datasets the authors detected 431 X-ray sources with a\n",
"significance level greater than 5.0 sigma, which should lead statistically to\n",
"at most one spurious source in the field of view. This table was created by\n",
"the HEASARC in May 2007 based on CDS catalog J/A+A/450/993\n",
" files tablea1.dat and\n",
"tableb1.dat. This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: x-ray\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"NGC 2547 XMM-Newton X-Ray Point Source Catalog\n",
"Short Name: NGC2547XMM\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://nasa.heasarc/ngc2547xmm\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/xamin/vo/tap\n",
"\n",
"This table contains a list of point sources detected by XMM-Newton EPIC in a\n",
"pointing towards the young open cluster NGC 2547, made in order to allow the\n",
"authors to characterize coronal activity in solar-type stars, and stars of\n",
"lower mass, at an age of 30 Myr. X-ray emission was seen from stars at all\n",
"spectral types, peaking among G stars at luminosities (0.3 - 3 keV) of\n",
"Lx ~= 1030.5 erg/s and declining to Lx <=\n",
"1029 erg/s among M stars with masses >=0.2 solar masses. Coronal\n",
"spectra show evidence for multi-temperature differential emission measures and\n",
"low coronal metal abundances of Z~= 0.3. Most of the solar-type stars in NGC\n",
"2547 exhibit saturated or even supersaturated X-ray activity levels. The\n",
"median levels of Lx and Lx/Lbol in the solar-\n",
"type stars of NGC 2547 are very similar to those in T-Tauri stars of the Orion\n",
"Nebula cluster (ONC), but an order of magnitude higher than in the older\n",
"Pleiades. The spread in X-ray activity levels among solar-type stars in NGC\n",
"2547 is much smaller than in older or younger clusters. This table contains\n",
"the properties of those X-ray sources which are correlated with optical\n",
"cluster members (see Section 2.2 of the reference paper for details on the\n",
"correlation procedure that was adopted), as well as the properties of those\n",
"X-ray sources which are uncorrelated with any optical cluster members. The\n",
"table lists the cross-identifications with optical catalogs for the candidate\n",
"cluster sources along with their X-ray luminosities and X-ray to bolometric\n",
"flux ratios, as well as the correlations between cluster members which were\n",
"detected by XMM-Newton and those detected 7 years earlier by the ROSAT HRI\n",
"instrument, along with the X-ray luminosities and flux ratios as determined by\n",
"the HRI. This table was created by the HEASARC in February 2007 based on CDS\n",
"Catalog J/MNRAS/367/781\n",
" files table1.dat,\n",
"table2.dat, table3.dat and table7.dat. This is a service provided by NASA\n",
"HEASARC .\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: optical, x-ray\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"NGC 752 Chandra X-Ray Point Source Catalog\n",
"Short Name: NGC752CXO\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://nasa.heasarc/ngc752cxo\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/xamin/vo/tap\n",
"\n",
"This table provides a list of X-ray sources detected in a ~140 ks Chandra\n",
"X-ray observation of the open cluster NGC 752. For the sources with 2MASS\n",
"counterparts, the values of their magnitudes in the J, H and K bands are also\n",
"given. Very little is known about the evolution of stellar activity between\n",
"the ages of the Hyades (0.8 Gyr) and the Sun (4.6 Gyr). To gain information on\n",
"the typical level of coronal activity at a star's intermediate age, the\n",
"authors have studied the X-ray emission from stars in the 1.9 Gyr-old open\n",
"cluster NGC 752. They analyzed a ~ 140 ks Chandra observation of NGC 752 and a\n",
"~50 ks XMM-Newton observation of the same cluster. They detected 262 X-ray\n",
"sources in the Chandra data and 145 sources in the XMM-Newton observation.\n",
"Around 90% of the catalogued cluster members within Chandra's field of\n",
"view are detected in the X-ray observation. The X-ray luminosity of all\n",
"observed cluster members (28 stars) and of 11 cluster member candidates was\n",
"derived. These data indicate that, at an age of 1.9 Gyr, the typical X-ray\n",
"luminosity Lx of the cluster members with masses of 0.8 to 1.2\n",
"solar masses is 1.3 x 1028 erg s-1, which is\n",
"approximately a factor of 6 times less intense than that observed in the\n",
"younger Hyades. Given that Lx is proportional to the square of a\n",
"star's rotational rate, the median Lx of NGC 752 is consistent,\n",
"for t >= 1 Gyr, with a decaying rate in rotational velocities vrot\n",
"~ t-alpha with alpha ~ 0.75, steeper than the Skumanich relation\n",
"(alpha ~ 0.5) and significantly steeper than that observed between the\n",
"Pleiades and the Hyades (where alpha <0.3), suggesting that a change in the\n",
"rotational regimes of the stellar interiors is taking place at an age of ~ 1\n",
"Gyr. The 135 ks observation of NGC 752 was performed by the Chandra ACIS\n",
"camera on September 29, 2003 starting at 21:11:59 UT. The X-ray source\n",
"detection was performed on the event list using the Wavelet Transform\n",
"detection algorithm developed at Palermo Astronomical Observatory PWDETECT,\n",
"available at http://oapa.astropa.unipa.it/progetti_ricerca/PWDetect\n",
". Initially, the\n",
"energy range 0.2 - 10 keV was selected and the threshold for source detection\n",
"was taken as to ensure a maximum of 1-2 spurious sources per field. 169\n",
"sources were detected in this way. The analysis of these sources hardness\n",
"ratios showed, however, that all the catalogued stars in the field had low\n",
"hardness ratios, HR < ~ 0.2, where HR is the number of photons in the 2 - 8\n",
"keV band over the number in the 0.5 - 2 keV band. Thus, to maximize the\n",
"detection of stellar sources, PWDETECT was applied to the event list in the\n",
"energy range from 0.5 - 2 keV. Using a detection threshold which ensures less\n",
"than 1 spurious source per field leads to the detection of 188 sources, while\n",
"lowering this threshold to 10 spurious sources per field, allows 262 sources\n",
"to be identified in this energy range. This is a significant increase (well\n",
"above the number expected if all the additional sources were spurious), thus\n",
"the authors retained this list of 262 sources as their final list of sources\n",
"in the NGC 752 field, with the caveat that ~ 10 sources among them are likely\n",
"spurious. Note that the existence of ~ 10 spurious sources in the list is not\n",
"so much of a problem in this context, because cluster members or candidate\n",
"members are identified by the existence of a visible or near-IR counterpart.\n",
"The authors searched for 2MASS counterparts to the X-ray sources using the\n",
"2MASS Point Source Catalogue (PSC) and a search radius of 3 arcsec and found a\n",
"counterpart for 43 sources. Searching within the Point Source Reject Table of\n",
"the 2MASS Extended Mission leads to the further identification of 1\n",
"counterpart (source number 87). This table was created by the HEASARC in\n",
"October 2008 based on the electronic version of Table 6 from the reference\n",
"paper which was obtained from the CDS website, i.e., their catalog\n",
"J/A+A/490/113 file table6.dat. This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: infrared, x-ray\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"NGC 752 XMM-Newton X-Ray Point Source Catalog\n",
"Short Name: NGC752XMM\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://nasa.heasarc/ngc752xmm\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/xamin/vo/tap\n",
"\n",
"This table provides a list of X-ray sources detected in a ~50 ks XMM-Newton\n",
"X-ray observation of the open cluster NGC 752. For the sources with 2MASS\n",
"counterparts, the values of their magnitudes in the J, H and K bands are also\n",
"given. Additionally, for the sources with a Chandra counterpart (within a\n",
"search radius of 5 arcsec), the values of their Chandra source number (as\n",
"given in the related Browse table NGC752CXO) are also given. Very little is\n",
"known about the evolution of stellar activity between the ages of the Hyades\n",
"(0.8 Gyr) and the Sun (4.6 Gyr). To gain information on the typical level of\n",
"coronal activity at a star's intermediate age, the authors have studied\n",
"the X-ray emission from stars in the 1.9 Gyr-old open cluster NGC 752. They\n",
"analyzed a ~ 140 ks Chandra observation of NGC 752 and a ~50 ks XMM-Newton\n",
"observation of the same cluster. They detected 262 X-ray sources in the\n",
"Chandra data and 145 sources in the XMM-Newton observation. Around 90% of the\n",
"catalogued cluster members within Chandra's field of view are detected in\n",
"the X-ray observation. The X-ray luminosity of all observed cluster members\n",
"(28 stars) and of 11 cluster member candidates was derived. These data\n",
"indicate that, at an age of 1.9 Gyr, the typical X-ray luminosity\n",
"Lx of the cluster members with masses of 0.8 to 1.2 solar masses is\n",
"1.3 x 1028 erg s-1, which is approximately a factor of 6\n",
"times less intense than that observed in the younger Hyades. Given that\n",
"Lx is proportional to the square of a star's rotational rate,\n",
"the median Lx of NGC 752 is consistent, for t >= 1 Gyr, with a\n",
"decaying rate in rotational velocities vrot ~ t-alpha\n",
"with alpha ~ 0.75, steeper than the Skumanich relation (alpha ~ 0.5) and\n",
"significantly steeper than that observed between the Pleiades and the Hyades\n",
"(where alpha <0.3), suggesting that a change in the rotational regimes of the\n",
"stellar interiors is taking place at an age of ~ 1 Gyr. NGC 752 was observed\n",
"for 49 ks by the XMM-Newton EPIC camera on February 5, 2003 starting at\n",
"23:29:25 UT, and the nominal pointing was towards J2000.0 RA and Declination\n",
"of (01:57:38, +37:47:60), thus the XMM-Newton field-of-view (FOV) includes the\n",
"Chandra FOV. For the source detection, the authors used the PWXDETECT code\n",
"developed at Palermo Observatory and derived from the analogous Chandra\n",
"PWDETECT code based on wavelet transform analysis. This allows the three EPIC\n",
"exposures (PN, MOS1 and MOS2) to be combined in order to gain a deeper\n",
"sensitivity with respect to the source detection based on single images. There\n",
"were 145 point sources detected in the energy band 0.5 - 2.0 keV. An extended\n",
"source (not listed in this present table), very likely a galaxy cluster, is\n",
"also visible in the EPIC data. The authors searched for 2MASS counterparts to\n",
"the XMM-Newton sources using a search radius of 5 arcsec and found a\n",
"counterpart for 38 sources. As for the Chandra data, all sources with a\n",
"visible counterpart from DLM94 have also a 2MASS counterpart, so this leaves\n",
"15 XMM-Newton sources with a 2MASS counterpart and no counterpart in Daniel et\n",
"al. (1994, PASP, 106, 281); of these, 3 were also detected by Chandra; of the\n",
"other 12, 10 are outside the Chandra FOV, while two are within it (XMM-Newton\n",
"sources 58 and 65). Source 65 was caught by XMM-Newton during the decay phase\n",
"of a flare, which explains why it is not detected in the Chandra data. For\n",
"source 58 there is no immediate explanation for this, since the light curve\n",
"does not show evidence of a flare. No additional near-IR counterpart to the\n",
"XMM-Newton sources was found within the Point Source Reject Table of the 2MASS\n",
"Extended Mission. This table was created by the HEASARC in October 2008 based\n",
"on the electronic version of Table 7 from the reference paper which was\n",
"obtained from the CDS website, i.e., their catalog J/A+A/490/113 file\n",
"table7.dat. This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: infrared, x-ray\n",
"--------------------------------------------- \n",
"\n",
"ROSAT PSPC Catalog of the Pleiades (Micela et al. 1996)\n",
"Short Name: PSPC/Pleiades\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://nasa.heasarc/pleiadxray\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/xamin/vo/tap\n",
"\n",
"This catalog contains the results of a deep X-ray survey of the core region of\n",
"the Pleiades open cluster carried out with ROSAT. In a single PSPC field (~1\n",
"degree in radius), 99 of 214 Pleiades stars are detected in X-rays, and upper\n",
"limits are computed for the remainder. This catalog lists the characteristics\n",
"of these stars taken from the literature, including their rotational data, as\n",
"well as their X-ray characteristics. The nucleus of the composite catalog used\n",
"in this study is the catalog compiled from the published literature for the\n",
"Einstein investigations of the Pleiades (Micela et al. 1990, ApJ, 348, 557).\n",
"This list has been extended by the results of recent surveys to a completeness\n",
"limit of visual magnitude of about 18. This database was created at the\n",
"HEASARC in April 2002 based on the ADC/CDS Catalog J/ApJS/102/75\n",
" and is derived from\n",
"Tables 1 and 5 of the published paper. This is a service provided by NASA\n",
"HEASARC .\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage: x-ray\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"# To iterate over all the tables:\n",
"for tapsvc in tap_services:\n",
" print(\"--------------------------------------------- \\n\")\n",
" tapsvc.describe()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "92aaecbd",
"metadata": {
"tags": [
"output_scroll"
]
},
"source": [
"## Step 2: Acquire the relevant data and make a plot\n",
"\n",
"In order to query the table, we need the table name, note this is NOT the same as the short name we found above:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 15,
"id": "924f5ab3",
"metadata": {
"tags": [
"output_scroll"
]
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"VI/90/archives\n",
"VI/90/maindata\n",
"VI/90/quality\n",
"VI/90/notes\n",
"VI/90/observer\n",
"I/90/catalog\n",
"VIII/90/first12\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"tables = tap_services[uniq_ind[1]].service.tables\n",
"\n",
"short_name = \"I/90\"\n",
"# find table name:\n",
"for name in tables.keys():\n",
" if short_name in name:\n",
" print(name)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "934c7886",
"metadata": {
"tags": [
"output_scroll"
]
},
"source": [
"We can write code to eliminate the other cases (e.g., VI or VIII...) but we wanted to keep this cell to illustrate that the table name (which is required for the query) will likely include the short_name appended to \"/catalog\" (or \"/table\").\n",
"\n",
"But the other roman numeral catalogs are obviously different catalogs. Therefore try the below for a better match:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 16,
"id": "ca50c276",
"metadata": {
"tags": [
"output_scroll"
]
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"I/90/catalog\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"# find (more restricted) table name:\n",
"for name in tables.keys():\n",
" if name.startswith(short_name):\n",
" print(name)\n",
" tablename=name"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 17,
"id": "63ef6849",
"metadata": {
"tags": [
"output_scroll"
]
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"SELECT * FROM \"I/90/catalog\"\n"
]
},
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"
Table length=502\n",
"
\n",
"
recno
Hertzsprung
CI
Ptm
RAB1900
e_RAB1900
DEB1900
e_DEB1900
rmsRA
rmsDE
rpmRA
rpmDE
DrpmRA
DrpmDE
DRA
DDE
_RA_icrs
_DE_icrs
\n",
"
mag
mag
deg
ms
deg
mas
mas / yr
mas / yr
mas / yr
mas / yr
arcsec
arcsec
deg
deg
\n",
"
int32
int16
float64
float64
float64
float64
float64
int16
float64
float64
float64
float64
float64
float64
float64
float64
float64
float64
\n",
"
446
2406
0.81
11.04
55.93422083333333
7.0
22.984866666666665
74
0.84
0.36
--
--
--
--
--
--
57.41380944444444
23.290753888888887
\n",
"
449
2415
0.16
8.12
55.94004999999999
1.3
23.036469444444442
18
0.51
0.8
--
--
--
--
--
--
57.42014805555555
23.342307222222217
\n",
"
408
2257
1.01
12.78
55.84752083333333
9.0
22.99379444444444
99
0.29
0.14
--
--
--
--
--
--
57.32700027777777
23.30038583333333
\n",
"
431
2345
0.4
9.11
55.90557916666666
1.5
23.075049999999997
20
0.78
0.83
--
--
--
--
--
--
57.385970833333324
23.381166388888886
\n",
"
328
1883
1.25
12.38
55.63741249999999
6.6
22.99318055555555
73
0.2
0.3
--
--
--
--
--
--
57.11641194444444
23.30147583333333
\n",
"
380
2138
0.58
12.89
55.78766666666666
5.8
23.028036111111106
72
0.3
0.21
--
--
--
--
--
--
57.26734027777777
23.335111944444442
\n",
"
347
1967
0.59
12.05
55.68651249999999
5.7
22.99179444444444
62
0.54
0.78
--
--
--
--
--
--
57.165609722222214
23.29969194444444
\n",
"
345
1954
0.73
12.79
55.679733333333324
4.3
23.011461111111107
54
0.43
0.21
--
--
--
--
--
--
57.15900388888888
23.319412777777774
\n",
"
316
1823
-0.12
5.43
55.60632499999999
0.9
23.11350833333333
14
0.64
0.65
-7.4
-9.5
-7.4
-8.5
0.25
0.29
57.08640777777777
23.42205083333333
\n",
"
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
\n",
"
49
481
1.38
11.76
54.74454999999999
7.3
24.472791666666662
96
0.46
0.54
--
--
--
--
--
--
56.235694444444434
24.788223888888886
\n",
"
13
314
0.69
10.51
54.59259999999999
3.0
24.480394444444443
38
0.65
0.71
--
--
--
--
--
--
56.08343944444444
24.79704333333333
\n",
"
34
405
0.53
9.8
54.67824999999999
2.4
24.503449999999997
30
0.53
0.84
-2.4
5.3
0.0
4.2
0.0
-0.14
56.169526666666656
24.81941222222222
\n",
"
61
541
-0.12
5.64
54.79849999999999
1.3
24.525177777777774
16
0.86
1.24
-1.9
3.3
-2.4
5.4
0.08
-0.18
56.29028722222221
24.840174999999995
\n",
"
69
602
0.16
13.97
54.84143333333333
6.4
24.557722222222218
72
0.39
0.47
--
--
--
--
--
--
56.33364388888888
24.872373888888884
\n",
"
41
453
0.82
13.26
54.719020833333325
9.7
24.57385833333333
116
0.31
0.67
--
--
--
--
--
--
56.21108277777777
24.88949111111111
\n",
"
103
775
0.75
12.84
54.959262499999994
5.2
24.565244444444442
65
0.38
0.56
--
--
--
--
--
--
56.45183944444444
24.878949166666665
\n",
"
74
627
0.5
9.65
54.85784583333333
1.9
24.57242222222222
24
0.55
1.01
--
--
--
--
--
--
56.35024027777777
24.886941388888886
\n",
"
67
589
0.42
12.27
54.83006666666666
7.6
24.574402777777774
100
0.2
0.34
--
--
--
--
--
--
56.3224111111111
24.889144999999996
\n",
"
"
],
"text/plain": [
"
\n",
"recno Hertzsprung CI ... DDE _RA_icrs _DE_icrs \n",
" mag ... arcsec deg deg \n",
"int32 int16 float64 ... float64 float64 float64 \n",
"----- ----------- ------- ... ------- ------------------ ------------------\n",
" 446 2406 0.81 ... -- 57.41380944444444 23.290753888888887\n",
" 449 2415 0.16 ... -- 57.42014805555555 23.342307222222217\n",
" 408 2257 1.01 ... -- 57.32700027777777 23.30038583333333\n",
" 431 2345 0.4 ... -- 57.385970833333324 23.381166388888886\n",
" 328 1883 1.25 ... -- 57.11641194444444 23.30147583333333\n",
" 380 2138 0.58 ... -- 57.26734027777777 23.335111944444442\n",
" 347 1967 0.59 ... -- 57.165609722222214 23.29969194444444\n",
" 345 1954 0.73 ... -- 57.15900388888888 23.319412777777774\n",
" 316 1823 -0.12 ... 0.29 57.08640777777777 23.42205083333333\n",
" ... ... ... ... ... ... ...\n",
" 49 481 1.38 ... -- 56.235694444444434 24.788223888888886\n",
" 13 314 0.69 ... -- 56.08343944444444 24.79704333333333\n",
" 34 405 0.53 ... -0.14 56.169526666666656 24.81941222222222\n",
" 61 541 -0.12 ... -0.18 56.29028722222221 24.840174999999995\n",
" 69 602 0.16 ... -- 56.33364388888888 24.872373888888884\n",
" 41 453 0.82 ... -- 56.21108277777777 24.88949111111111\n",
" 103 775 0.75 ... -- 56.45183944444444 24.878949166666665\n",
" 74 627 0.5 ... -- 56.35024027777777 24.886941388888886\n",
" 67 589 0.42 ... -- 56.3224111111111 24.889144999999996"
]
},
"execution_count": 17,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"query = 'SELECT * FROM \"%s\"' %tablename\n",
"print(query)\n",
"results = tap_services[short_name].search(query)\n",
"results.to_table()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "d3674a0f",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"We can access the column data as array using the .getcolumn(colname) attribute, where the colname is given in the table above. In particular the \"CI\" is the color index and \"Ptm\" is the photovisual magnitude. See [here](https://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=I/90) for details about the columns."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 18,
"id": "437b43cc",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"color = results.getcolumn('CI')\n",
"mag = results.getcolumn('Ptm')"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "612ee9a0",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"### Plotting\n",
"\n",
"Note: The magnitudes here are apparent and therefore in plotting, the color-magnitude diagram is typically brightness increasing upwards (higher y-axis) so we will flip the y-axis here."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 19,
"id": "7b8b9f28",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"[]"
]
},
"execution_count": 19,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
},
{
"data": {
"image/png": 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",
"text/plain": [
"
"
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
}
],
"source": [
"plt.ylim(15, 0)\n",
"plt.ylabel(\"V [apparent mag]\")\n",
"plt.xlabel(\"B-V\")\n",
"\n",
"plt.plot(color, mag, 'o', color='black')"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "93b71100",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Step 3. Compare with other color-magnitude diagrams for Pleiades\n",
"\n",
"There is nice discussion here: about the color-magnitude diagram. Their Fig 4 looks slightly cleaner because part of this investigation was to select the 270 stars that are vetted members and restricted to stellar types more massive than K0.\n",
"\n",
"The dataset is from Raboud+1998 (1998A&A...329..101R)\n",
"\n",
"Therefore in this next step, we will use the bibcode to select this data and overplot with the previous data to compare."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 20,
"id": "fe6c6eaa",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"J/A+A/329/101\n",
"----------\n",
"Masses of Pleiades members\n",
"Short Name: J/A+A/329/101\n",
"IVOA Identifier: ivo://cds.vizier/j/a+a/329/101\n",
"Access modes: tap#aux\n",
"- tap#aux: http://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap\n",
"\n",
"On the basis of the best available member list and duplicity information, we\n",
"have studied the radial distribution of 270 stars and multiple systems earlier\n",
"than K0 in the Pleiades. Five new long period spectroscopic binaries have been\n",
"identified from the CORAVEL observations. We have found a clear mass\n",
"segregation between binaries and single stars, which is explained by the\n",
"greater average mass of the multiple systems. The mass function of the single\n",
"stars and primaries appears to be significantly different. While the central\n",
"part of the cluster is spherical, the outer part is clearly elliptical, with\n",
"an ellipticity of 0.17. The various parameters describing the Pleiades are\n",
"(for a distance of 125pc): core radius r_c_=0.6 deg (1.4pc), tidal radius\n",
"r_t_=7.4 (16pc), half mass radius r_m/2_=0.88 (1.9pc), harmonic radius r=1.82\n",
"(4pc). Low-mass stars (later than K0) probably extend further out and new\n",
"proper motion and radial velocity surveys over a larger area and to fainter\n",
"magnitudes would be very important to improve the description of the cluster\n",
"structure and complete mass function.\n",
"\n",
"Waveband Coverage:\n"
]
},
{
"name": "stderr",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"/tmp/ipykernel_2113/2733767379.py:11: DeprecationWarning: Conversion of an array with ndim > 0 to a scalar is deprecated, and will error in future. Ensure you extract a single element from your array before performing this operation. (Deprecated NumPy 1.25.)\n",
" ind = int(match[0])\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"bibcode = '1998A&A...329..101R' # Raboud\n",
"all_bibcodes = tap_services.getcolumn('source_value')\n",
"all_shortnames = tap_services.getcolumn('short_name')\n",
"\n",
"match = np.where(all_bibcodes == bibcode)\n",
"\n",
"# Show relevant short_name (for Raboud paper):\n",
"short_name = all_shortnames[match][0]\n",
"print(short_name)\n",
"print(\"----------\")\n",
"ind = int(match[0])\n",
"\n",
"tap_services[ind].describe()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 21,
"id": "bcbcfb6e",
"metadata": {
"tags": [
"output_scroll"
]
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"SELECT * FROM \"J/A+A/329/101/table3\"\n"
]
},
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"
Table length=270\n",
"
\n",
"
recno
HII
Vmag
B-V
xpos
ypos
Dist
Mult
Rem
Mass
MassA
MassB
MassC
MassD
\n",
"
mag
mag
arcmin
arcmin
arcmin
Msun
Msun
Msun
Msun
Msun
\n",
"
int32
int32
float64
float64
float64
float64
float64
int16
object
float64
float64
float64
float64
float64
\n",
"
1
25
9.47
0.48
-55.52
22.81
60.02
1
1.2
--
--
--
--
\n",
"
2
34
11.99
0.93
-53.62
33.49
63.22
1
0.81
--
--
--
--
\n",
"
3
97
12.62
1.08
-48.27
52.86
71.58
2
IRB
1.21
0.73
0.48
--
--
\n",
"
4
102
10.51
0.71
-49.4
-53.25
72.64
2
IRB
1.45
0.97
0.45
--
--
\n",
"
5
120
10.79
0.7
-47.4
-26.36
54.23
2
SB1
1.53
0.98
0.55
--
--
\n",
"
6
129
11.47
0.88
-46.91
-21.06
51.42
1
0.84
--
--
--
--
\n",
"
7
152
10.73
0.69
-46.07
-34.67
57.66
1
0.99
--
--
--
--
\n",
"
8
153
7.51
0.15
-44.39
57.94
72.99
1
1.74
--
--
--
--
\n",
"
9
157
7.9
0.34
-45.12
-27.97
53.08
2
SB
2.1
1.39
0.72
--
--
\n",
"
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
\n",
"
262
30679
12.2
1.0
-89.22
117.71
147.7
1
0.77
--
--
--
--
\n",
"
263
30700
11.14
0.71
-86.02
122.48
149.67
1
0.97
--
--
--
--
\n",
"
264
30909
8.58
0.29
-23.22
166.47
168.08
1
1.47
--
--
--
--
\n",
"
265
40131
11.33
0.81
45.0
181.82
187.31
1
0.89
--
--
--
--
\n",
"
266
40314
12.49
1.02
97.98
13.43
98.89
1
0.76
--
--
--
--
\n",
"
267
50088
10.72
0.81
84.43
-147.18
169.68
2
PHB
1.78
0.9
0.88
--
--
\n",
"
268
50151
9.17
0.44
112.1
-193.81
223.89
1
1.25
--
--
--
--
\n",
"
269
50198
10.86
0.71
129.27
-183.94
224.83
2
SB2
1.87
0.97
0.9
--
--
\n",
"
270
50308
11.46
0.82
159.43
-170.41
233.36
1
0.88
--
--
--
--
\n",
"
"
],
"text/plain": [
"
\n",
"recno HII Vmag B-V xpos ... Mass MassA MassB MassC MassD \n",
" mag mag arcmin ... Msun Msun Msun Msun Msun \n",
"int32 int32 float64 float64 float64 ... float64 float64 float64 float64 float64\n",
"----- ----- ------- ------- ------- ... ------- ------- ------- ------- -------\n",
" 1 25 9.47 0.48 -55.52 ... 1.2 -- -- -- --\n",
" 2 34 11.99 0.93 -53.62 ... 0.81 -- -- -- --\n",
" 3 97 12.62 1.08 -48.27 ... 1.21 0.73 0.48 -- --\n",
" 4 102 10.51 0.71 -49.4 ... 1.45 0.97 0.45 -- --\n",
" 5 120 10.79 0.7 -47.4 ... 1.53 0.98 0.55 -- --\n",
" 6 129 11.47 0.88 -46.91 ... 0.84 -- -- -- --\n",
" 7 152 10.73 0.69 -46.07 ... 0.99 -- -- -- --\n",
" 8 153 7.51 0.15 -44.39 ... 1.74 -- -- -- --\n",
" 9 157 7.9 0.34 -45.12 ... 2.1 1.39 0.72 -- --\n",
" ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...\n",
" 262 30679 12.2 1.0 -89.22 ... 0.77 -- -- -- --\n",
" 263 30700 11.14 0.71 -86.02 ... 0.97 -- -- -- --\n",
" 264 30909 8.58 0.29 -23.22 ... 1.47 -- -- -- --\n",
" 265 40131 11.33 0.81 45.0 ... 0.89 -- -- -- --\n",
" 266 40314 12.49 1.02 97.98 ... 0.76 -- -- -- --\n",
" 267 50088 10.72 0.81 84.43 ... 1.78 0.9 0.88 -- --\n",
" 268 50151 9.17 0.44 112.1 ... 1.25 -- -- -- --\n",
" 269 50198 10.86 0.71 129.27 ... 1.87 0.97 0.9 -- --\n",
" 270 50308 11.46 0.82 159.43 ... 0.88 -- -- -- --"
]
},
"execution_count": 21,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"# Doing steps above to view table from Raboud+1998\n",
"\n",
"# This 'tables' will return the same service tables as the 'tables' defined\n",
"# ealier in Step 2, since both the Eichhorn+1970 and Raboud+1998 come from the\n",
"# same service. Therfore, we did not need to redefine 'tables', but we kept it\n",
"# for completion, as different tables don't always use the same service.\n",
"tables = tap_services[ind].service.tables\n",
"\n",
"# find table name:\n",
"for name in tables.keys():\n",
" if short_name in name:\n",
" tablename = name\n",
"\n",
"# Another way to find the table name:\n",
"# Raboud_table = tap_services[short_name].get_tables()\n",
"# tablename = [name for name in Raboud_table.keys()][0]\n",
"\n",
"query = 'SELECT * FROM \"%s\"' %tablename\n",
"print(query)\n",
"results = tap_services[ind].search(query)\n",
"results.to_table()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 22,
"id": "dc37e9fb",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"[]"
]
},
"execution_count": 22,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
},
{
"data": {
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",
"text/plain": [
""
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
}
],
"source": [
"R98_color = results.getcolumn('B-V')\n",
"R98_mag = results.getcolumn('Vmag')\n",
"\n",
"plt.ylim(15, 0)\n",
"plt.ylabel(\"V [apparent mag]\")\n",
"plt.xlabel(\"B-V\")\n",
"plt.plot(color, mag, 'o', markersize=4.0, color='black') ## This is Eichhorn data\n",
"plt.plot(R98_color, R98_mag, 's', markersize=5.0, color='red') ## This is new data from Raboud+98"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "65fa55e2",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## BONUS: Step 4: The CMD as a distance indicator\n",
"\n",
"Since the y-axis above is apparent magnitude, we can use the obvious features (e.g., main sequence curve) to translate the apparent magnitudes to absolute magnitudes (by comparing to published H-R diagrams given in absolute magnitudes) and measure the distance to Pleiades!"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 23,
"id": "9d52045f",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"[]"
]
},
"execution_count": 23,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
},
{
"data": {
"image/png": 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"text/plain": [
""
]
},
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data"
}
],
"source": [
"R98_color = results.getcolumn('B-V')\n",
"R98_mag = results.getcolumn('Vmag')\n",
"\n",
"sun_color = 0.65 # from http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/magcolor.htm\n",
"sun_mag = 10.4 # Played with this value until it looked centered in relation at the B-V color above (yellow star!)\n",
"\n",
"plt.ylim(15, 0)\n",
"plt.ylabel(\"V [apparent mag]\")\n",
"plt.xlabel(\"B-V\")\n",
"plt.plot(color, mag, 'o', markersize=4.0, color='black') ## This is Eichhorn data\n",
"plt.plot(R98_color, R98_mag, 's', markersize=5.0, color='red') ## This is new data from Raboud+98\n",
"plt.plot(sun_color, sun_mag, '*', markersize=15.0, color='yellow') ## This is our estimated center point"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 24,
"id": "88e1ebf0",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
" 131.8 pc \n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"# Another measure... use the Sun:\n",
"Vabs = 4.8 ## Sun @ B-V = 0.65 (taken from Wikipedia)\n",
"Vapp = 10.4 ## Based on rough reading of plot above at B-V = 0.65\n",
"\n",
"dm= Vapp - Vabs # distance module = 5log d / 10pc.\n",
"dist = 10. ** (dm / 5. + 1.)\n",
"print(\"%10.1f pc \" %dist)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "788738b6",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"True distance to Pleaides is 136.2 pc ( ). Not bad!"
]
}
],
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